On the design of Robust‐WDM local area networks

Robust wavelength division multiplexing (Robust‐WDM) is a proposal to realize cost‐effective WDM local area networks (LANs) which can get around the expensive need for laser wavelength stabilization. The type of these networks that relies on an access protocol with aperiodic reservations and lenient‐token‐passing based control channel (the AR/LTP protocol) is promising. We look at the deployment of the AR/LTP analytical model in designing this type of network. The model is used to predict the effect of component and network parameters on the waiting time characteristics of the network. An increase in node operation times (i.e. receiver response time, transmitter select time and reservation period) would result in increasing the average waiting time of a connection request, but the waiting time is more sensitive to the physical span of the network and its size. It is also observed that increasing the inter‐reservation threshold may result in little increase in waiting time up to some limit beyond which delay increases rapidly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-stratum resources resilience in software defined data center interconnection based on IP over elastic optical networks

IP over elastic optical network is a very promising networking architecture to interconnect data centers. It can enable efficient resource utilization and support heterogeneous bandwidth demands in cost-effective, highly available, and energy-effective manner. In case of aggregation elastic optical network node failure, to ensure a high-level quality of service for user request after the failure becomes a research focus. In this paper, we present a novel multi-stratum resources resilience (MSRR) architecture for the data center services in software defined data center interconnection based on IP over elastic optical networks. The MSRR can enable joint optimization of IP network, elastic optical network, and application stratum resources, and enhance the service resilience and the data center responsiveness to the dynamic end-to-end service demands. Additionally, a service-aware resource collaborative resilience strategy for MSRR is introduced based on the proposed architecture, which can provide the restoration using the multiple stratums resources in case of failure. The overall feasibility and efficiency of the proposed architecture are experimentally verified on our testbed. Moreover, the network performances are quantitatively evaluated through the simulation under heavy traffic load scenario in terms of path blocking probability, resource occupation rate, and path resilience latency.     

Transforming One‐Dimensional Nanowalls to Long‐Range Ordered Two‐Dimensional Nanowaves: Exploiting Buckling Instability and Nanofibers Effect in Holographic Lithography

Two‐dimensional nanowaves with long‐range order are fabricated by exploiting swelling‐induced buckling of one‐dimensional (1D) nanowalls with nanofibers formed in‐between during holographic lithography of the negative‐tone photoresist SU‐8. The 1D film goes through a constrained swelling in the development stage, and becomes buckled above the critical threshold. The degree of lateral undulation can be controlled by tuning the pattern aspect ratio (height/width) and exposure dosage. At a high aspect ratio (e.g., 6) and a high exposure dosage, nanofibers (30–50 nm in diameter) are formed between the nanowalls as a result of overlapping of low crosslinking density regions. By comparing experimental results with finite‐element analysis, the buckling mechanism is investigated, which confirms that the nanofibers prevent the deformed nanowalls from recovery to their original state, thus, leading to long‐range ordered two‐dimensional (2D) wavy structures. The film with nanowaves show weaker reflecting color under an ambient light and lower transmittance compared to the straight nanowalls. Using double exposure through a photomask, patterns consisting of both nanowaves and nanowalls for optical display are created.     

Capillary Network‐Like Organization of Endothelial Cells in PEGDA Scaffolds Encoded with Angiogenic Signals via Triple Helical Hybridization

Survival of tissue engineered constructs after implantation depends on proper vascularization. The differentiation of endothelial cells into mature microvasculature requires dynamic interactions between cells, scaffold, and growth factors, which are difficult to recapitulate in artificial systems. Previously, photocrosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels displaying collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs), dubbed PEGDA‐CMP, that can be further conjugated with bioactive molecules via CMP‐CMP triple helix hybridization were reported. Here, it is shown that a bifunctional peptide featuring pro‐angiogenic domain mimicking vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a collagen mimetic domain that can fold into a triple helix conformation can hybridize with CMP side chains of the PEGDA‐CMP hydrogel, which results in presentation of insoluble VEGF‐like signals to endothelial cells. Presentation of VEGF‐like signals on the surface of micropatterned scaffolds in this way transforms cells from a quiescent state to elongated and aligned phenotype suggesting that this system could be used to engineer organized microvasculature. It is also shown that the pro‐angiogenic peptide, when applied topically in combination with modified dextran/PEGDA hydrogels, can enhance neovascularization of burn wounds in mice demonstrating the potential clinical use of CMP‐mediated matrix‐bound bioactive molecules for dermal injuries.     

Dissolution Behaviors and Applications of Silicon Oxides and Nitrides in Transient Electronics

Silicon oxides and nitrides are key materials for dielectrics and encapsulation layers in a class of silicon‐based high performance electronics that has ability to completely dissolve in a controlled fashion with programmable rates, when submerged in bio‐fluids and/or relevant solutions. This type of technology, referred to as “transient electronics”, has potential applications in biomedical implants, environmental sensors, and other envisioned areas. The results presented here provide comprehensive studies of transient behaviors of thin films of silicon oxides and nitrides in diverse aqueous solutions at different pH scales and temperatures. The kinetics of hydrolysis of these materials depends not only on pH levels/ion concentrations of solutions and temperatures, but also on the morphology and chemistry of the films, as determined by the deposition methods and conditions. Encapsulation strategies with a combination of layers demonstrate enhancement of the lifetime of transient electronic devices, by reducing water/vapor permeation through the defects.     

A better channel coding for a Link‐16 waveform in pulsed‐noise interference

Link‐16 is a tactical data link currently used by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries, the United States and its allies. The Link‐16 waveform features Reed–Solomon codes for channel coding, cyclic code‐shift keying for 32‐ary baseband symbol modulation, minimum‐shift keying for waveform modulation, and frequency hopping for transmission security. In addition to the original errors‐only decoding of Reed–Solomon codes, both an errors‐and‐erasures decoding (EED) and a special concatenated coding are proposed in this paper to determine a better channel coding scheme for a Link‐16 waveform with noncoherent detection in the presence of pulsed‐noise interference (PNI). The investigation is first carried out both analytically and by simulation for the original Link‐16 waveform transmitted over AWGN. It is then accomplished analytically for the proposed waveforms in both AWGN and PNI. The results show that EED achieves the best error rate performance for a Link‐16 waveform in both AWGN and PNI when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is relatively small. When both the signal‐to‐noise ratio is sufficiently large and the fraction active time of PNI is small, the proposed concatenated coding outperforms both EED and errors‐only decoding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cooperative localization techniques for wireless sensor networks: free,signal and angle based techniques

This paper addresses the problem of localization in sensor networks where, initially, a certain number of sensors are aware of their positions (either by using GPS or by being hand‐placed) and are referred to as anchors. Our goal is to localize all sensors with high accuracy, while using a limited number of anchors. Sensors can be equipped with different technologies for signal and angle measurements. These measures can be altered by some errors because of the network environment that induces position inaccuracies. In this paper, we propose a family (AT‐Family) of three new distributed localization techniques in wireless sensor networks: free‐measurement (AT‐Free) where sensors have no capability of measure, signal‐measurement (AT‐Dist) where sensors can calculate distances, and angle‐measurement (AT‐Angle) where sensors can calculate angles. These methods determine the position of each sensor while indicating the accuracy of its position. They have two important properties: first, a sensor node can deduce if its estimated position is close to its real position and contribute to the positioning of others nodes; second, a sensor can eliminate wrong information received about its position. This last property allows to manage measure errors that are the main drawback of measure‐based methods such as AT‐Dist and AT‐Angle techniques. By varying the density and the error rate, simulations show that the three proposed techniques achieve good performances in term of high accuracy of localized nodes and less energy consuming while assuming presence of measure errors and considering low number of anchors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于多辐射源匹配的未知辐射源的定位方法

无源定位系统利用民用辐射资源,具备静默探测的优势,为目前的研究热点之一。某些情况不能直接获取辐射源位置,这影响了该系统的应用,例如邻国民用调频台。该文提出了利用多辐射源匹配的定位方法,解决了未知辐射源定位的问题。仿真结果表明该方法计算量小,部分定位精度最好可达到1 m,对提高战术应用具有重要参考价值。      

基于FPGA的工业数字摄像机系统的设计

针对传统工业数字摄像机的灵活性差、实时性差等缺点,设计了一种基于FPGA的工业数字摄像机系统。将工业数字摄像机与FPGA结合起来,利用FPGA通过I2 C总线接口控制器控制图像传感器采集图像数据,然后将Bayer格式图像转化为RGB格式图像,通过调用Altera IP核DDRII SDRAM controller with ALTMEMPHY和FIFO存储器设计了DDR2SDRAM的接口,将图像数据缓存到DDR2存储器中,最后通过SPI总线接口在液晶屏上显示图像,可达到53帧/s图像的速度。系统代码共需约5 000个逻辑单元,3 704个寄存器,117个引脚。将设计代码下载到系统芯片中后,系统可以清晰显示所拍到的画面。设计结果表明,基于FPGA的工业数字摄像机设计灵活,易于移植,可实现高速图像采集和传输。