A survey of research in deliberative real-time artificial intelligence

This paper surveys recent research in deliberative real-time artificial intelligence (AI). Major areas of study have beenanytime algorithms, approximate processing, and large system architectures. We describe several systems in each of these areas, focusing both on progress within the field, and the costs, benefits and interactions among different problem and algorithm complexity limitations used in the surveyed work.     

Mechanical damping and dynamic modulus measurements in alumina and tungsten fibre-reinforced aluminium composites

Simultaneous measurements of mechanical damping, or internal friction (Q ^–1 ), and dynamic Young's modulus (E) were made near 80 kHz and at strain amplitudes () in the range 10^–8 to 10^–4 on small specimens of continuous or chopped fibre-reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs): 6061 aluminium reinforced with alumina (Al/Al₂O₃) and 6061 aluminium reinforced with tungsten (Al/W). Baseline experiments were also done on 99.999% aluminium (pure Al). The strain amplitude dependence of damping and the temperature dependence of dynamic modulus were of particular interest in this study. The temperature (T) dependence of the modulus from room temperature up to 475° C was determined for the Al/Al₂O₃ and pure Al specimens and a highly linear decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was observed. The rate of modulus loss (dE/dT –80 M Pa° C^–1 ) was the same for both materials and the reduction in modulus of the Al/Al₂O₃ was attributed to the reduction in modulus of the alu minium matrix, not the alumina fibres. The size, type, and amount of fibre reinforcement were found to have a significant effect on the strain amplitude dependence of the damping in both MMCs. Unreinforced aluminium exhibited classical dislocation damping trends with a region of strain amplitude independent damping at low strains (less than 10^–5) followed by a non linear, strain amplitude dependent region at higher strains. The addition of alumina fibres (chopped or continuous), while increasing stiffness, resulted in a significant reduction in damping capacity for the MMC relative to that for aluminium and near complete suppression of the amplitude dependent response. The damping levels increased as the volume fraction of fibre, and therefore, the amount of fibre/matrix (FM) interface decreased, indicating that the matrix, not factors such as increased dislocation densities at the FM interface, was the dominant influence on the damping. Analysis of the Al/Al₂O₃ results by Granato-Lücke (GL) theory indicated that dislocation densities were increased relative to those in aluminium, but the dis locations were well pinned and unable to increase damping levels effectively. Analysis of the Al/W results by GL theory also revealed high dislocation densities, but, unlike the Al/Al₂O₃ specimens, the Al/W specimens (continuous fibres) exhibited strong amplitude dependent damping (starting near strain levels of 2 × 10^–6) with damping levels approximately twice those of pure aluminium. Trends showed increased damping with increased fibre diameter, not with increased FM interface area. There was some evidence that it was the tungsten fibre itself that dominated the damping behaviour in Al/W composites, not the aluminium matrix or the FM interface.     

The Potential Role of Small-Molecule PERK Inhibitor LDN-0060609 in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Treatment

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) constitutes the most common type of glaucoma. Emerging evidence suggests that Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress and the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-mediated Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling pathway play a key role in POAG pathogenesis. Thus, the main aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the PERK inhibitor LDN-0060609 in cellular model of glaucoma using primary human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. To evaluate the level of the ER stress marker proteins, Western blotting and TaqMan gene expression assay were used. The cytotoxicity was measured by XTT, LDH assays and Giemsa staining, whereas genotoxicity via comet assay. Changes in cell morphology were assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. Analysis of apoptosis was performed by caspase-3 assay and flow cytometry (FC), whereas cell cycle progression by FC. The results obtained have demonstrated that LDN-0060609 triggered a significant decrease of ER stress marker proteins within HTM cells with induced ER stress conditions. Moreover, LDN-0060609 effectively increased viability, reduced DNA damage, increased proliferation, restored normal morphology, reduced apoptosis and restored normal cell cycle distribution of HTM cells with induced ER stress conditions. Thereby, PERK inhibitors, such as LDN-0060609, may provide an innovative, ground-breaking treatment strategy against POAG.     

Characterization of Apo-Form Selective Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase**

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism. As it is an inflammation-induced immunoregulatory enzyme, pharmacological inhibition of IDO1 activity is currently being pursued as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cancer and other disease states. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of IDO1 inhibitors with various mechanisms of inhibition is of great interest. Comparison of an apo-form-binding IDO1 inhibitor (GSK5628) to the heme-coordinating compound, epacadostat (Incyte), allows us to explore the details of the apo-binding inhibition of IDO1. Herein, we demonstrate that GSK5628 inhibits IDO1 by competing with heme for binding to a heme-free conformation of the enzyme (apo-IDO1), whereas epacadostat coordinates its binding with the iron atom of the IDO1 heme cofactor. Comparison of these two compounds in cellular systems reveals a long-lasting inhibitory effect of GSK5628, previously undescribed for other known IDO1 inhibitors. Detailed characterization of this apo-binding mechanism for IDO1 inhibition might help design superior inhibitors or could confer a unique competitive advantage over other IDO1 inhibitors vis-à-vis specificity and pharmacokinetic parameters.     

A New Recycled Al–Si–Mg Alloy for Sustainable Structural Die Casting Applications

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The use of secondary aluminum for structural components in the automotive industry is limited by the high Fe contents in recycled alloys which often...     

不同形貌Ga2O3纳米材料可控合成工艺研究

通过研究基片种类、加热温度、保温时间、冷却速度及是否加入催化剂等不同工艺参数对低维Ga2O3，纳米材料形貌的影响，确定出合成5种不同形貌β-Ga2O3纳米材料的工艺条件。场发射扫描电镜（FE-SEM）表明5种不同形貌α-Ga2O3纳米材料分别为纳米线、纳米棒、纳米带、纳米环及纳米片。X射线衍射（X-ray）分析结果表明不同形貌纳米材料均为晶格常数日=1．223nm，b=0．304nm，c=0．58nm，a=90°，β=103．7°，γ=90°的单斜晶系β-Ga2O3晶体。     

Some aspects of the role of coal thermoplasticity and coke structure in coal gasification. 2. The effects of pressure and heating rate on dilatometric parameters and optical anisotropy development

An examination of the influence of pressure and heating rate on the thermoplastic properties of a weakly coking coal and of coal with various pitch-like additives was carried out using a high pressure dilatometer. Pressure up to 4 MPa markedly increased the swelling properties and increased the plastic range by decreasing the softening temperature, but the effects of pressure were strongly influenced by rate of heating with high heating rates enhancing the effects. Additions of tar or pitch also enhanced swelling at low pressure. The solid carbonization residues from the dilatometer were examined by polarized light microscopy to determine the content and composition of optically anisotropic species. The anisotropic content was increased by increases in pressure and heating rate and pitch additives enhanced the anisotropic content, especially at low pressure, without affecting the composition of the anisotropy. No direct correlations exist between the dilatometric parameters and the optical anisotropy but their dependence on the conditions emphasizes that when considering high pressure gasification of coal, it is necessary to obtain data under appropriate conditions.     

On the mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis

Aromaticities determined by ¹³C n.m.r. are reported for five shale oil samples (Green River formation) prepared under widely different pyrolysis conditions. In the absence of high-pressure hydrogen, the total amount of aromatic carbon in the products is nearly twice that in the raw shale. This is true for a wide range of pyrolysis conditions, although the distribution of aromatic carbon between the oil and carbonaceous residue changes. High-pressure hydrogen appears to inhibit both the formation of additional aromatic carbon during pyrolysis and the coking of aromatic oil. An improved kerogen decomposition mechanism is reported that accounts for these effects and provides for changes in the aromaticity of the liquid product with pyrolysis conditions. Further work is necessary to make it quantitative and account for gas formation.     

DDT absorption and chylomicron transport in rat

Male rats were fed 100 nM dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C in oil by gastric tube. Recovery of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C in thoracic duct lymph was 60% in 12 hr. Lymph dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C (97%) occurred in lipoproteins of d<1.006, designated chylomicrons. Mechanical separation of chylomicron triglyceride core (labeled with triglyceride-³H) from chylomicron membrane (labeled with phospholipid-³²P) showed that 97% dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C was present in triglyceride core. To investigate possible association of plasma clearance of the two core lipids, rats were pulse injected with chylomicrons, doubly labeled with triglyceride-³H and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C. The decay of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C in sequential serum samples was rapid (T^1/2=2 min) and was independent of triglyceride-³H decay. In tissues removed 14 min after injection of chylomicrons, 30% administered dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C was found in liver but only 1% in adipose tissue. In hepatectomized (eviscerated) rats, the decay of serum dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C (T^1/2=10 min) was also independent of and more rapid than triglyceride-³H decay. With sucrose density gradients, it was shown that chylomicron dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-¹⁴C transferred to higher density serum proteins in vitro and in vivo and to bovine albumin in vitro. Thus, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was transported from intestine largely in the triglyderide phase of chylomicrons; disappearance of chylomicron-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane from the systemic circulation was rapid and partly independent of the presence of the liver and of triglyceride hydrolysis; some dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was transported from serum chylomicrons to albumin or other plasma proteins before tissue uptake.