Parameterized code SHARM-3D for radiative transfer over inhomogeneous surfaces

The code SHARM-3D, developed for fast and accurate simulations of the monochromatic radiance at the top of the atmosphere over spatially variable surfaces with Lambertian or anisotropic reflectance, is described. The atmosphere is assumed to be laterally uniform across the image and to consist of two layers with aerosols contained in the bottom layer. The SHARM-3D code performs simultaneous calculations for all specified incidence-view geometries and multiple wavelengths in one run. The numerical efficiency of the current version of code is close to its potential limit and is achieved by means of two innovations. The first is the development of a comprehensive precomputed lookup table of the three-dimensional atmospheric optical transfer function for various atmospheric conditions. The second is the use of a linear kernel model of the land surface bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) in our algorithm that has led to a fully parameterized solution in terms of the surface BRF parameters. The code is also able to model inland lakes and rivers. The water pixels are described with the Nakajima-Tanaka BRF model of wind-roughened water surface with a Lambertian offset, which is designed to model approximately the reflectance of suspended matter and of a shallow lake or river bottom.     

Inversion of multiwavelength Raman lidar data for retrieval of bimodal aerosol size distribution

We report on the feasibility of deriving microphysical parameters of bimodal particle size distributions from Mie-Raman lidar based on a triple Nd:YAG laser. Such an instrument provides backscatter coefficients at 355, 532, and 1064 nm and extinction coefficients at 355 and 532 nm. The inversion method employed is Tikhonov's inversion with regularization. Special attention has been paid to extend the particle size range for which this inversion scheme works to approximately 10 microm, which makes this algorithm applicable to large particles, e.g., investigations concerning the hygroscopic growth of aerosols. Simulations showed that surface area, volume concentration, and effective radius are derived to an accuracy of approximately 50% for a variety of bimodal particle size distributions. For particle size distributions with an effective radius of < 1 microm the real part of the complex refractive index was retrieved to an accuracy of +/- 0.05, the imaginary part was retrieved to 50% uncertainty. Simulations dealing with a mode-dependent complex refractive index showed that an average complex refractive index is derived that lies between the values for the two individual modes. Thus it becomes possible to investigate external mixtures of particle size distributions, which, for example, might be present along continental rims along which anthropogenic pollution mixes with marine aerosols. Measurement cases obtained from the Institute for Tropospheric Research six-wavelength aerosol lidar observations during the Indian Ocean Experiment were used to test the capabilities of the algorithm for experimental data sets. A benchmark test was attempted for the case representing anthropogenic aerosols between a broken cloud deck. A strong contribution of particle volume in the coarse mode of the particle size distribution was found.     

Redox and photo‐redox properties of isolated Mo5+ ions in MoH‐ZSM‐5 and MoH‐beta zeolites: in situ ESR study

Redox and photo‐redox properties of isolated Mo⁵⁺ ions stabilized in H‐ZSM‐5 and H‐beta zeolites are studied by in situ ESR in flowing O₂, NO, H₂, and C₃H₆. Upon oxidation of pre‐reduced samples at 20 °C, NO demonstrates a higher oxidative ability, as compared with O₂. Interaction of Mo⁵⁺ ions with propene at 20 °C results in formation of a chemisorption complex with enhanced reactivity of Mo(V) toward NO. Illumination of the Mo⁵⁺/HZSM‐5 sample with UV‐visible light causes measurable acceleration of Mo(V) oxidation by NO at 20 °C. Therefore, photochemical activation of the oxidation step could be realized, in principle, for Mo/zeolite catalysts. At 500 °C in the reaction mixture NO + H₂, the step of the catalytic site reduction is fast, and the dynamic equilibrium of the redox reaction Mo(VI) ↔ Mo(V) for MoH‐ZSM‐5 and MoH‐beta seems to be strongly shifted to Mo⁵⁺. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Implementation of the iterative finite-difference time-domain technique for simulation of periodic structures at oblique incidence

In this paper we review a recently developed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) iterative technique for the analysis of periodic structures at oblique incidence. We show how it can be implemented in FDTD code and estimate required computer memory and time resources. To illustrate performance of our technique we demonstrate the plasmon formation in a thin gold film placed at air/glass interface and calculate reflectance from silicon textured coating at oblique incidence.     

Recovering Occlusion Boundaries from an Image

Occlusion reasoning is a fundamental problem in computer vision. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to recover the occlusion boundaries and depth ordering of free-standing structures in the scene. Rather than viewing the problem as one of pure image processing, our approach employs cues from an estimated surface layout and applies Gestalt grouping principles using a conditional random field (CRF) model. We propose a hierarchical segmentation process, based on agglomerative merging, that re-estimates boundary strength as the segmentation progresses. Our experiments on the Geometric Context dataset validate our choices for features, our iterative refinement of classifiers, and our CRF model. In experiments on the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset, PASCAL VOC 2008, and LabelMe, we also show that the trained algorithm generalizes to other datasets and can be used as an object boundary predictor with figure/ground labels.     

Model-driven optimal resource scaling in cloud

Cloud computing offers the flexibility to dynamically size the infrastructure in response to changes in workload demand. While both horizontal scaling and vertical scaling of infrastructure are supported by major cloud providers, these scaling options differ significantly in terms of their cost, provisioning time, and their impact on workload performance. Importantly, the efficacy of horizontal and vertical scaling critically depends on the workload characteristics, such as the workload’s parallelizability and its core scalability. In today’s cloud systems, the scaling decision is left to the users, requiring them to fully understand the trade-offs associated with the different scaling options. In this paper, we present our solution for optimizing the resource scaling of cloud deployments via implementation in OpenStack. The key component of our solution is the modeling engine that characterizes the workload and then quantitatively evaluates different scaling options for that workload. Our modeling engine leverages Amdahl’s Law to model service timescaling in scale-up environments and queueing-theoretic concepts to model performance scaling in scale-out environments. We further employ Kalman filtering to account for inaccuracies in the model-based methodology and to dynamically track changes in the workload and cloud environment.     

Effect of Mode Transformation in THz Clinotron

Extension of the theory of a clinotron is developed by use of the scattering matrix of an oversized T-junction on the ends of a slow wave system. The matrix contains elements corresponding to the transformation of slow grating modes into fast ones and vice versa. Those fast waves with low ohmic losses provide strong resonant properties of a clinotron even in the case of strong attenuation of the surface mode. Results of the theoretical simulation are compared with experimental ones and obtained dependencies explain strong resonances in sub-THz clinotrons.     

Natural gas partial oxidation process as a way to synthesize onion-like carbon

Abstract

Onion-like carbon (OLC) particles were produced as a byproduct of thermal partial oxidation of methane under different O₂/Natural Gas (NG) ratio. It was established that the particles have quasi-spherical morphology and concentric shell structure. The particles have an outer diameter of 20–60?nm while the inner cage is rather typical for onions and has a diameter below 1?nm. The concentric graphitic structure and spherical symmetry along with the absence of amorphous carbon were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, EDX spectroscopy and Raman investigation. Variation of O₂/NG ratio was proved a powerful tool for controlling OLC particles yield and structure. The formation of single-core or multicore OLC can be controlled by thermal partial oxidation process.