HSV-1 and Endogenous Retroviruses as Risk Factors in Demyelination

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that can infect the peripheral and central nervous systems, and it has been implicated in demyelinating and neurodegenerative processes. Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can move from one genomic location to another. TEs have been linked to several diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of unknown etiology influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Exogenous viral transactivators may activate certain retrotransposons or class I TEs. In this context, several herpesviruses have been linked to MS, and one of them, HSV-1, might act as a risk factor by mediating processes such as molecular mimicry, remyelination, and activity of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Several herpesviruses have been involved in the regulation of human ERVs (HERVs), and HSV-1 in particular can modulate HERVs in cells involved in MS pathogenesis. This review exposes current knowledge about the relationship between HSV-1 and human ERVs, focusing on their contribution as a risk factor for MS.     

Effect of sucrose and saturated-fat diets on mRNA levels of genes limiting muscle fatty acid and glucose supply in rats

In this study, we examined whether the increased availability of lipids in blood resulting from two types of diet manipulation regulated metabolic gene expression in the skeletal muscle of rats. Feeding for 4 wk on an isocaloric-sucrose or a hypercaloric-fat diet increased plasma TAG in the fed condition by increments of 70 and 40%, respectively, and increased fasting insulinemia (approximately 3-fold) compared with a starch diet. The fat diet impaired glucose tolerance and caused obesity, whereas sucrose-fed rats maintained their normal weight. We analyzed the expression of genes that regulate the exogenous FA supply (LPL, FAT/CD36, FATP1), synthesis (ACC1), glucose (GLUT4, GLUT1, HK2, GRAT1, glycogen phosphorylase) or glycerol (glycerol kinase) provision, or substrate choice for oxidation (PDK4) in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles at the end of the glucose tolerance test. LPL, FAT/CD36, FATP1, PDK4, and GLUT4 mRNA as well as glycogen phosphorylase and glycerol kinase activity levels in both muscles were unchanged by the diets. Increased mRNA levels of GLUT1 (1.6- and 2.6-fold, respectively) and GFAT1 (about 1.7-fold) in gastrocnemius, and of ACC1 (about 1.5-fold) in soleus, were found in both the sucrose and fat groups. In the fat group, HK2 mRNA was also higher (1.8-fold) in the gastrocnemius. Both sucrose and saturated-fat diets prompted hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipemia in rats. These metabolic disturbances did not alter the expression of LPL, FAT/CD36, FATP1, PDK4, and GLUT4 genes or glycogen phosphorylase and glycerol kinase activity levels in either analyzed muscle. Instead, they were linked to the coordinated upregulation in gastrocnemius of genes that govern glucose uptake and the hexosamine pathway, namely, GLUT1 and GFAT1, which might contribute to insulin resistance.     

Improved integrated waveguide absorbance optodes for ion-selective sensing

The first prototype of a technologically improved integrated waveguide absorbance optode (IWAO) was developed and tested with a membrane based on a new H+-selective ketocyanine dye and a cadmium ionophore. It was designed with curved instead of rectilinear planar waveguides. Results demonstrated the suitability of the new IWAOs to be employed as sensing platforms, which confer versatility, robustness, and mass production capabilities besides high sensitivity on conventional bulk optodes, as well as the usefulness of such dyes in developing ion-selective membranes in combination with a selective ionophore. The sensor integration as a detector in a flow injection system (FIA) was proposed to obtain an automated, simple, and sufficiently reproducible (RSD <5%) analytical methodology with a sample throughput of 55 h(-1). Very sensitive optodes were obtained, and detection limits on the order of 20 ppb were achieved. Because of the ionophore employed, the optode system showed excellent selectivity over alkali and alkaline-earth metals with the exception of samples containing lead and cadmium ions, where the membrane responded to both analytes. The proposed procedure combines all the advantages of the FIA systems, the simplicity of optical detection, ion recognition selectivity, and sensitivity of ketocyanine dyes, and the features achieved using the integrated device, which comprise an improved sensitivity and short response times as well as robustness, easy handling, and mass production.     

A Comparison between the Tikhonov and the Bayesian Approaches to Calculate Regularisation Matrices

Regularisation is a well-known technique for working with ill-posed and ill-conditioned problems that have been explored in a variety of different areas, including Bayesian inference, functional analysis, optimisation, numerical analysis and connectionist systems. In this paper we present the equivalence between the Bayesian approach to the regularisation theory and the Tikhonov regularisation into the function approximation theory framework, when radial basis functions networks are employed. This equivalence can be used to avoid expensive calculations when regularisation techniques are employed.     

Sensitive High-Throughput Assays for Tumour Burden Reveal the Response of a Drosophila melanogaster Model of Colorectal Cancer to Standard Chemotherapies

Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) models of cancer are emerging as powerful tools to investigate the basic mechanisms underlying tumour progression and identify novel therapeutics. Rapid and inexpensive, it is possible to carry out genetic and drug screens at a far larger scale than in vertebrate organisms. Such whole-organism-based drug screens permits assessment of drug absorption and toxicity, reducing the possibility of false positives. Activating mutations in the Wnt and Ras signalling pathways are common in many epithelial cancers, and when driven in the adult Drosophila midgut, it induces aggressive intestinal tumour-like outgrowths that recapitulate many aspects of human colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we have taken a Drosophila CRC model in which tumourous cells are marked with both GFP and luciferase reporter genes, and developed novel high-throughput assays for quantifying tumour burden. Leveraging these assays, we find that the Drosophila CRC model responds rapidly to treatment with standard CRC-drugs, opening the door to future rapid genetic and drug screens.     

Large grid-connected hybrid PV system integrated in a public building

This paper describes the integration of photovoltaic (PV) cells into a public building, the public library ‘Pompeu i Fabra’, which is located in Mataró, a Mediterranean town close to Barcelona, Spain. For this purpose, standardized building elements have been developed that provide both thermal and photovoltaic energy from the sun. These hybrid PV–thermal modules are prefabricated and then quickly mounted on the building as a curtain wall. The first data on the electrical performance are presented. Back ventilation of the solar cells in the hybrid PV–thermal modules leads to increased electrical performance of the PV generator. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of the buffer layer in the light of a new equivalent circuit for amorphous silicon solar cells

Although the beneficial effect of the buffer layer between the p- and i-layer of amorphous silicon solar cells has been known for many years, the role of this layer is controversial. This paper examines the effect of the buffer layer using a new equivalent circuit for these devices (Merten et al. IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 45 (1988) 423–429 [1]). The parameters of this model can be easily assessed by variable illumination measurements (VIM) of the devices' I(V)-curve. With the model, collection of carriers in the bulk of the cell is easy and clearly separated from the diode behaviour of the device. The VIM-method allows for a complete analysis of the thin film cells, covering both technological and physical topics. It is shown that the dominant effect increasing the efficiency of the cells with buffer layer is the reduction of the hole injection from the p-layer which leads to a reduced diode term. The buffer layer only slightly reduces the recombination in the i-layer. This reduction mainly occurs in a region close to the p/i-interface and cannot be observed with red light (homogeneous carrier generation).