Kinetics of volume expansion during infusion of Ringer’s solution based on two volume model

In this work mathematical models were developed to represent the kinetics of volume changes of fluid spaces associated with infusion of Ringer’s solution. During infusion of Ringer’s solution, the human body is assumed to be characterized by the two-fluid space model which has second volume space in addition to the first volume so that fluid exchanges between these two spaces are possible. Various infusion types were tested to accommodate different medical situations. Volunteers were given Ringer’s solution and the changes in blood hemoglobin were detected. From the comparison with experimental data, the two-fluid space model was found to represent adequately the kinetics of human volume expansion during infusion of Ringer’s solution.     

Forced convection heat transfer in low prandtl number turbulent flows: Influence of axial conduction

The effect of axial conduction was investigated for turbulent heat transfer in a round pipe with uniform wall temperature. Exact solutions were obtained by using the method of separation of variables for the two cases with and without the axial conduction term. The solutions show that the effect of axial conduction is important at low Peclet numbers, say Pe < 100, but negligible in the thermally fully-developed region. Also, the fully developed Nusselt numbers depend only on Reynolds number at low Peclet numbers and the interpolation formula is proposed: which fits the calculated data well in the liquid metal range 0.001 < Pr < 0.022 for Pe < 100.     

Moisture Distribution and Dewatering Efficiency for Wet Materials

This review paper summarizes current research efforts toward a comprehensive view of wet material dewatering, considering the binding energy as the strength to hold water, and rupture energy given to remove moisture from materials.     

Microstructural Evolution of Gas-Pressure-Sintered Si3N4 with Yb2O3 as a Sintering Aid

Microstructural evolution of gas-pressure-sintered Si₃N₄ with Yb₂O₃ as a sintering aid was observed. Microstructures typical for in situ toughened Si₃N₄, i.e., large elongated grains randomly distributed in a fine matrix, were observed. However, the size of the elongated grains near the surface was much larger than that at the center, resulting in two distinct regions: an inner region and an outer region. The smaller the amount of Yb₂O₃ added, the larger the difference in the size of the elongated grains between the outer and inner regions. The difference between microstructures was diminished when 16 wt% Yb₂O₃ was added. The microstructural change with Yb₂O₃ content was attributed to the evaporation of Yb-containing liquid phase from the surface.     

A power-efficient vertical handover with MIH-based network scanning through consistency check

We propose an power-efficient scanning scheme considering the consistency of the Information Element (IE) for the Media Independent Handover (MIH) based Vertical Handover. Since the Green IT is one of the key issues of the science, we suggested the power saving scheme by extending the information and the event service of the MIH framework to reduce the number of full scanning. We proposed the criteria to select the update MT to quantify the power consumption alongside various network scanning methods. Since the frequent and multiple network scanning incurred by small mobile terminals (MT) is considerable, the scanning avoidance is essential for the framework we suggest. The MIH Information Service (MIIS) provides many usable factors and features for the scanning avoidance. However, because of the absence of the criteria to select the update node, these values are not actually usable. Therefore, we suggest an Energy Efficient Function, which tests the validity of MIIS values and makes a decision on whether to avoid the scanning or not.     

Esters of hydroxystearic acids as primary low-temperature plasticizers for a vinyl chloride—Vinyl acetate copolymer

Summary Thirty-one acyloxy or aryloxy esters prepared from hydroxystearic acids have been evaluated as plasticizers for a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (95∶5). Many of them were found to be primary plasticizers, having outstanding low-temperature performance when employed at the 35% level. Formulations with these compounds compared quite favorably in tensile properties with those containing the di-2-ethylhexyl esters of phthalic, sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids. Volatility losses were similar to those of the four di-2-ethylhexyl esters. The loss of plasticizer through migration was equal to or less than that from compositions containing the esters of sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids but was greater than that of the phthalate ester. A mechanistic scheme of plasticizer-polymer interaction has been presented, proposing that the rate of diffusion of plasticizer through the polymer mass is a controlling factor in both good low-temperature performance and the resulting high migration losses. Methyl esters, some aromatic esters, and esters containing three or more polar centers have improved permanence but show a more rapid change in torsional modulus as the temperature is lowered during the determination of the Clash-Berg stiffening temperature. Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Blends of chlorinated isotactic polypropylene with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) I. Effect of component polymers composition on the blend miscibility

Chlorinated isotactic polypropylenes (CPP) having various chlorine contents were blended with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)s (EVA) having various vinyl acetate (VA) contents. The blends were made by casting films from dilute THF solutions and miscibility of the blends was identified by single glass transition temperature, which was confirmed by DSC and dynamic mechanical measurements. Based on the miscibility data from a large number of CPP/EVA combinations, a miscibility map was depicted where CO equivalent weight (CO-EQW) of EVA was plotted against chlorine equivalent weight (Cl-EQW) of CPP. Though an attractive interaction between CPP and EVA could be detected in all the miscible and immiscible blend pairs, miscibility of the CPP/EVA blends could solely be observed in a relatively narrow range of Cl-EQW ca. 65–100 and CO-EQW ca. 170–230.     

Fraktionierung und Charakterisierung von ungehärteten Epoxidharzen aus Bisphenol A und Epichlorhydrin

Gel permeation chromatography and thin layer chromatography have been used respectively to separate and characterize the first seven members of an epoxy resin polymer homologous series on a preparative and analytical scale. The epoxy resin was formed by the reaction between Bisphenol-A and epichlorhydrin. NMR was used to identify the oligomers. The relationship between extinction coefficient and degree of polymerisation was also determined.