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61.
Ana Ribeiro John Rasmussen Paulo Flores Luís F. Silva 《Multibody System Dynamics》2012,28(1-2):181-197
The development of a computational multibody knee model able to capture some of the fundamental properties of the human knee articulation is presented. This desideratum is reached by including the kinetics of the real knee articulation. The research question is whether an accurate modeling of the condyle contact in the knee will lead to reproduction of the complex combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and tibial rotation observed in the real knee. The model is composed by two anatomic segments, the tibia and the femur, whose characteristics are functions of the geometric and anatomic properties of the real bones. The biomechanical model characterization is developed under the framework of multibody systems methodologies using Cartesian coordinates. The type of approach used in the proposed knee model is the joint surface contact conditions between ellipsoids, representing the two femoral condyles, and points, representing the tibial plateau and the menisci. These elements are closely fitted to the actual knee geometry. This task is undertaken by considering a parameter optimization process to replicate experimental data published in the literature, namely that by Lafortune and his coworkers in 1992. Then kinematic data in the form of flexion/extension patterns are imposed on the model corresponding to the stance phase of the human gait. From the results obtained, by performing several computational simulations, it can be observed that the knee model approximates the average secondary motion patterns observed in the literature. Because the literature reports considerable inter-individual differences in the secondary motion patterns, the knee model presented here is also used to check whether it is possible to reproduce the observed differences with reasonable variations of bone shape parameters. This task is accomplished by a parameter study, in which the main variables that define the geometry of condyles are taken into account. It was observed that the data reveal a difference in secondary kinematics of the knee in flexion versus extension. The likely explanation for this fact is the elastic component of the secondary motions created by the combination of joint forces and soft tissue deformations. The proposed knee model is, therefore, used to investigate whether this observed behavior can be explained by reasonable elastic deformations of the points representing the menisci in the model. 相似文献
62.
Renato Maia Renato Cerqueira Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza Tomás Guisasola-Gorham 《Empirical Software Engineering》2012,17(3):166-199
Today middleware is much more powerful, more reliable and faster than it used to be. Nevertheless, for the application developer,
the complexity of using middleware platforms has increased accordingly. The volume and variety of application contexts that
current middleware technologies have to support require that developers be able to anticipate the widest possible range of
execution environments, desired and undesired effects of different programming strategies, handling procedures for runtime
errors, and so on. This paper shows how a generic framework designed to evaluate the usability of notations (the Cognitive Dimensions of Notations Framework, or CDN) has been instantiated and used to analyze the cognitive
challenges involved in adapting middleware platforms. This human-centric perspective allowed us to achieve novel results compared
to existing middleware evaluation research, typically centered around system performance metrics. The focus of our study is
on the process of adapting middleware implementations, rather than in the end product of this activity. Our main contributions
are twofold. First, we describe a qualitative CDN-based method to analyze the cognitive effort made by programmers while adapting
middleware implementations. And second, we show how two platforms designed for flexibility have been compared, suggesting
that certain programming language design features might be particularly helpful for developers. 相似文献
63.
Jingli Lu Ruili Wang Liyanage C. De Silva 《International Journal of Speech Technology》2012,15(2):87-98
In this paper, we propose a set of automatic stress exaggeration methods that can enlarge the differences between stressed
and unstressed syllables. Our stress exaggeration methods can be used in computer-aided language learning systems to assist
second language learners perceive stress patterns. The intention of our automatic stress exaggeration methods is to support
hyper-pronunciation training which is commonly used in classrooms by teachers. In hyper-pronunciation training, exaggeration
is used to help learners increase their awareness of acoustic features and effectively apply these features into their pronunciation.
Duration, pitch and intensity have been claimed to be the main acoustic features that are closely related to stress in English
language. Thus, four stress exaggeration methods are proposed in this paper: (i) duration-based stress exaggeration, (ii)
pitch-based stress exaggeration, (iii) intensity-based stress exaggeration, and (iv) a combined stress exaggeration method
that integrates the duration-based, pitch-based and intensity-based exaggeration methods. Our perceptual experimental results
show that resynthesised stimuli by our proposed stress exaggerated methods can help learners of English as a Second Language
(ESL) better perceive English stress patterns significantly. 相似文献
64.
Maria da Graça Marcos J.A. Tenreiro MachadoT.-P. Azevedo-Perdicoúlis 《Applied Soft Computing》2012,12(2):589-599
Kinematic redundancy occurs when a manipulator possesses more degrees of freedom than those required to execute a given task. Several kinematic techniques for redundant manipulators control the gripper through the pseudo-inverse of the Jacobian, but lead to a kind of chaotic inner motion with unpredictable arm configurations. Such algorithms are not easy to adapt to optimization schemes and, moreover, often there are multiple optimization objectives that can conflict between them. Unlike single optimization, where one attempts to find the best solution, in multi-objective optimization there is no single solution that is optimum with respect to all indices. Therefore, trajectory planning of redundant robots remains an important area of research and more efficient optimization algorithms are needed. This paper presents a new technique to solve the inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators, using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. This scheme combines the closed-loop pseudo-inverse method with a multi-objective genetic algorithm to control the joint positions. Simulations for manipulators with three or four rotational joints, considering the optimization of two objectives in a workspace without and with obstacles are developed. The results reveal that it is possible to choose several solutions from the Pareto optimal front according to the importance of each individual objective. 相似文献
65.
W. P. Bastos W. B. Cardoso A. T. Avelar N. G. de Almeida B. Baseia 《Quantum Information Processing》2012,11(6):1867-1881
This paper presents feasible experimental schemes to realize controlled teleportation protocols via photonic Faraday rotations in low-Q cavities. The schemes deal with controlled teleportation of superposition states and two-particle entanglement of atomic states. The information is encoded in lambda configured three-level atoms trapped inside coupled cavities by optical fibers. Also, we estimate the success probability and the current feasibility of the schemes. 相似文献
66.
Thaxter JB Carr PH Silva JH 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1988,35(5):525-530
Experimental measurements are reported on voltage-controlled acoustic time-delay lines operating at 1 GHz in the nearly pure shear-horizontal (S-H) mode in 38 degrees rotated Y-cut LiNbO(3). The high-acoustic velocity (4800 m/s) in conjunction with the large electroacoustic effect exhibited by this orientation allows high-frequency operation and optimum time-delay tuning sensitivity with a planar, single surface, device geometry. The authors demonstrate fractional time delay of 0.3x10(-6) V(-1 ) for surface electrodes that produce an in-plane E-field. However, the simultaneous excitation and propagation of both a leaky surface-acoustic wave (LSAW) and surface skimming bulk wave (SSBW), both as (nearly pure) S-H waves in these devices, seriously restricts the extent to which it is possible to maximize the time delay modulation sensitivity by reducing electrode gap spacing as done in similar SAW devices. The LSAW and surface-skimming body wave (SSBW) propagate at nearly the same velocity on a free surface, and perturbation of their velocity and relative attenuation rates by surface electrodes causes pronounced interference effects between the two modes for some device geometries. 相似文献
67.
Federico Ferreres Alberto Ortiz Carmen Silva Christina Garcia-Viguera Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán Francisco Tomás-Lorente 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1992,194(2):139-143
Summary The flavonoids present in ten selected samples of La Alcarria honey with different pollen compositions have been HPLC analysed in order to establish if correlations between botanical origin and flavonoid profiles are possible. A common flavonoid pattern is observed in the different samples showing that pollen is not the main source of honey flavonoids. A close correlation between the flavonoid patterns of honey flavonoids and propolis flavonoids has been found suggesting that flavonoid analysis could be more useful in geographical origin determinations than in botanical origin studies.
Flavonoide des La-Alcarria-Honigs Eine Studie ihres botanischen Ursprungs
Zusammenfassung Die Flavonoide in Proben in Alcarria-Honig mit unterschiedlicher Pollenzusammensetzung wurden untersucht, um Kortrelationen zwischen dem botanischen Ursprung und den möglichen Flavonoiden zu finden. In den verschiedenen Proben wurde ein Flavonoid-Muster gefunden, wobei der Pollen nicht die Hauptquelle der Honigflavonoide ist. Es wurde jedoch eine enge Korrelation zwischen den Flavonoid-Mustern des Honigs und des Bienenkittharzes gefunden, was für die geographische Herkunft wichtiger ist als die botanische.相似文献
68.
de Munck J.C. Vijn P.C.M. Lopes da Silva F.H. 《IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering》1992,39(8):791-804
The statistical properties of the EEG and the MEG are described mathematically as the result of randomly distributed dipoles. These dipoles represent the interactions of cortical neurons. For certain dipole distributions, the first- and second-order moments of the electric and magnetic fields are derived analytically. If the dipoles are in a spherical volume conductor and have no preference for any direction, the variance of a differentially measured EEG-signal is only a function of the electrode distance. In this paper, the theoretically derived variance function will be compared with EEG- and MEG-measurements. It is shown that a dipole with a fixed position and a randomly fluctuating amplitude is an adequate model for the alpha-rhythm. An expression for the covariance between the magnetic field and a differentially measured EEG-signal is derived. This covariance is considered as a function of the magnetometer position, and is compared with the measurements of Chapman et al. [23]. The theory can be used to obtain a (spatial) covariance matrix of the background noise, which occurs in evoked potential measurements. Such a covariance matrix can be used to obtain a maximum likelihood estimator of the dipole parameters in evoked potential studies, to evaluate the merits of the so-called "Laplacian derivation," and for the interpolation of electromagnetic data. 相似文献
69.
Moulthrop AA Muha MS Hadimioglu B Silva CP Kozlowski GC 《IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control》1992,39(2):204-211
The operation of an acoustic microscope having a resolution of 15 mm has been demonstrated. It uses as a coupling medium superfluid (4 )He colder than 0.9 K and pressurized to greater than 20 bar. The microscope has been used to image objects that show little or no contrast on a scanning electron microscope. In addition, the acoustic microscope has been used to study the properties of sound propagation in the coupling fluid. At low acoustic intensities, the coupling fluid has very low acoustic attenuation at the microscope's operating frequency (15.3 GHz), but near the focal point the acoustic intensity can be high enough that the helium behaves with extreme nonlinearity. In fact, this medium is capable of entering new regimes of nonlinear interaction. Plots of the received signal versus input power display a nearly complete source depletion at certain input power levels and a reconversion to the source frequency at higher power levels. Arguments that the process underlying this nonlinear behavior is harmonic generation are presented. 相似文献
70.