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961.
In this paper, we report on a novel family of monodisperse thermo‐sensitive core–shell hydrogel microspheres that is featured with high monodispersity and positively thermo‐responsive volume phase transition characteristics with tunable swelling kinetics, i.e., the particle swelling is induced by an increase rather than a decrease in temperature. The microspheres were fabricated in a three‐step process. In the first step, monodisperse poly(acrylamide‐co‐styrene) seeds were prepared by emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization. In the second step, poly(acrylamide) or poly[acrylamide‐co‐(butyl methacrylate)] shells were fabricated on the microsphere seeds by free radical polymerization. In the third step, the core–shell microspheres with poly‐ (acrylamide)/poly(acrylic acid) based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) shells were finished by a method of sequential IPN synthesis. The proposed monodisperse core–shell microspheres provide a new mode of the phase transition behavior for thermo‐sensitive “smart” or “intelligent” monodisperse micro‐actuators that is highly attractive for targeting drug delivery systems, chemical separations, sensors, and so on. 相似文献
962.
D. Mangelinck P. Gas T. Badche E. Taing F. Nemouchi C. Perrin-Pellegrino M. Vuaroqueaux S. Niel P. Fornara J. M. Mirabel L. Fares P. H. Albarede 《Microelectronic Engineering》2003,70(2-4):220-225
The formation of Ti silicides has been examined in flash memories with 0.25 μm linewidth by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It has been observed that, after the first rapid thermal process and the selective metal etch, there is no silicide on the source and on a majority of drain contacts while C49-TiSi2 is found on the gate. A pre-amorphisation implant increases drastically the formation of C49-TiSi2 in the drain zone while modifications of annealing conditions have little impact. These results indicate that the formation of C49-TiSi2 is most likely controlled by nucleation and that this nucleation is sensitive to both the width and the length of the reaction zone. The formation of a Ti rich silicide may play an important role in this nucleation by decreasing the driving force for the formation of C49-TiSi2. Curiously enough, the formation of C49-TiSi2 appears thus as a major concern for the salicide process in flash memories. 相似文献
963.
New polyaniline (PANI) asymmetric membranes were fabricated using a phase‐inversion technique with hexane as the coagulation bath. These membranes exhibit a dense structure with macrovoids distributed asymmetrically throughout the cross‐section. A stress–strain study demonstrated that the Young's modulus (1.421 GPa) and strain at break (7.6 %) of the new PANI asymmetric membranes prepared from hexane are approximately 12 and 4 times higher, respectively, than the values reported previously for the PANI integrally skinned asymmetric membranes (ISAMs) (123 MPa Young's modulus and 1.8 % strain at break). Furthermore, monolithic electrochemical actuators based on a single PANI asymmetric membrane were constructed, and a bending movement of up to 20 Hz was experimentally recorded in a hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. A lifetime of over 329 500 cycles was determined for these actuators at a ± 2° angular displacement (5 Hz). The lifetime is limited by a bending fatigue that creates a transversal crack on the PANI membrane at the air–water interface. Control over the actuator movement is also manifested by the linear dependences of the bending angle on the charge and of the angular velocity on the current. These relationships are independent of both the kind of applied electric signal and the frequency used. 相似文献
964.
Kerber A. Cartier E. Pantisano L. Degraeve R. Kauerauf T. Kim Y. Hou A. Groeseneken G. Maes H.E. Schwalke U. 《Electron Device Letters, IEEE》2003,24(2):87-89
The magnitude of the V/sub T/ instability in conventional MOSFETs and MOS capacitors with SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ dual-layer gate dielectrics is shown to depend strongly on the details of the measurement sequence used. By applying time-resolved measurements (capacitance-time traces and charge-pumping measurements), it is demonstrated that this behavior is caused by the fast charging and discharging of preexisting defects near the SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ interface and in the bulk of the HfO/sub 2/ layer. Based on these results, a simple defect model is proposed that can explain the complex behavior of the V/sub T/ instability in terms of structural defects as follows. 1) A defect band in the HfO/sub 2/ layer is located in energy above the Si conduction band edge. 2) The defect band shifts rapidly in energy with respect to the Fermi level in the Si substrate as the gate bias is varied. 3) The rapid energy shifts allows for efficient charging and discharging of the defects near the SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ interface by tunneling. 相似文献
965.
Weight-loss kinetics were studied for 10 industrial extruded samples of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized by 20–30% by weight of didecylphtalate at 85, 95, 105, 110, and 120deg;C. For the most unstable samples, which contained a light coplasticizer, the weight-loss rate obeyed Fick's law. In the other cases, it was constant in the early period of exposure. The apparent Arrhenius parameters (i.e., preexponential factor and activation energy) were intercorrelated and varied strongly from one sample to another. This was explained by the existence of two distinct kinetic regimes corresponding, respectively, to diffusion or evaporation, the whole process being controlled by the slowest step, and a transition between both regimes occurring in the temperature range of exposure. In the proposed model, small changes of the preexponential factor of diffusion from one sample to another are sufficient to take into account the observed behavior. 相似文献
966.
967.
Jefferson Fabrício Cardoso Lins Hugo Ricardo Z. Sandim Hans-Jürgen Kestenbach 《Journal of Materials Science》2007,42(16):6572-6577
The present paper reports the experimental results on the microstructural and textural characterization of a hot-rolled IF
steel. The IF steel was hot-rolled in multiple passes in the austenitic field (1,070 °C) followed by air-cooling. SEM, TEM,
and LOM were used to image the microstructure of the material. The global texture was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
technique. The mesotexture of selected regions was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Results show the
presence of a diffuse (nearly random) and weak texture in the hot-band that consists of recrystallized polygonal grains and
subgrains. The fraction of boundaries with misorientations comprised in the interval 2° ≤ ψ < 15° was found to be lower than
5%. It can be concluded that these low angle boundaries and the presence of subgrains can be associated to the existence of
a few areas softened by recovery during or after hot rolling in austenitic field. 相似文献
968.
Effect of hydrogen charging on dislocation behavior in Ni-Cr and Ni<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cr alloys
Kaori Miyata 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(6):1249-1257
The effects of hydrogen charging on the dislocation behaviour in Ni-Cr binary alloys have been investigated by means of transmission
electron microscope (TEM) observations using single-crystalline specimens. The deformation mode of Ni-Cr alloys in the absence
of hydrogen is characterized by planar dislocations. However, hydrogen charging changed the dislocation configurations to
promote curved dislocations, such as dislocation loops and dipoles. The hydrogen-affected dislocation configurations are enhanced
with increasing Ni content and reducing Cr content. Weak-beam images show that the Shockley partials of the hydrogen-affected
dislocations frequently constrict to make kinks and cross-slip, as if the dislocations were generated by a thermally activated
process. The effect of hydrogen charging on superdislocations of a Ni2Cr superstructure has been also investigated using an aged 70Ni-30Cr alloy. While the deformation mode in the Ni2Cr superlattice is classified as five variants of superdislocation triplets and one variant of ordinary dislocations, the
hydrogen charging has preferred the ordinary dislocations to the superdislocation triplets. The results suggest that the charged
hydrogen changes the local plasticity to affect the deformation dynamics in Ni-Cr alloys, where the influence of hydrogen
on the plasticity is sensitive to the Ni/Cr concentration and the symmetry of atomic arrangement. 相似文献
969.
This paper presents an evaluation of various solid desiccant cycles for air conditioning in hot and humid climates. Psychometric evaluation of potential cycles for 16 typical Indian cities has been carried out with the objective of achieving standard comfort conditions in the room. Computer simulation is based on constant effectiveness of heat exchangers and evaporative coolers and actual performance data of a commercially available desiccant wheel dehumidifier. The influence of various outdoor conditions, the effectiveness of heat exchangers/evaporative coolers on the cooling coefficient of performance and volumetric air flowrate per unit cooling capacity have been investigated. It is found that amongst ventilation, recirculation and Dunkle cycles, the Dunkle cycle is better for a wide range of outdoor conditions. However, cycles using wet surface heat exchangers give even higher performance. 相似文献
970.
The physical preconditions are considered for the temperature of a body to influence the force of gravity experienced by it. The results are given of experiments on weighing metal rods heated by ultrasound which confirm a dependence of the weight of the rods on their temperature. 相似文献