Die mikroskopische Untersuchung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren

Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der chemischen Untersuchung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren sind als ausschließliche Grundlage für ihre Beurteilung durchaus ungenügend; denn wir können noch nicht annähernd sämtliche chemischen Einzelbestandteile des Fleisches und der Wurstwaren mittels der im praktischen Laboratorium anwend aren Methoden nachweisen und noch viel weniger diese Einzelbestandteile quantitativ ermitteln. Es läßt sich aber auch im allgemeinen durch die chemische Untersuchung allein nicht feststellen, ob eine unter bestimmten Namen in den Handel gebrachte Ware die in diesem Namen zum Ausdruck gebrachten Fleischbestandteile tatsächlich enthält, wie z. B., ob Leberwurst Leber enthält, ferner ob minderwertige oder verbotene Organund Gewebeteile beigemischt sind oder nicht.Daher ist die mikroskopische Untersuchung, besonders in gerichtlichen Fällen, unerläßlich.Die nur auf mikroskopischem Wege erreichbare Kenntnis der in Fleisch und Wurstwaren enthaltenen Gewebe und Organe erleichtert bezw. ermöglicht die Beurteilung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren nicht nur in vorgenannter Richtung, sondern sie erleichtert auch sehr wesentlich die Beurteilung ihres Gesamtwertes. Dieser ist verschieden je nach dem Vorhandensein der mikroskopisch nachzuweisenden Gewebe bezw. Organe und nach deren Wassergehalt. Letzterer wiederum ist z. B. bei Muskelfleisch konstanter und liegt in engeren Grenzen als bei den drüsigen Organen; im elastischen Bindegewebe ist er bedeutend niedriger als im kollagenen Bindegewebe oder im Muskelfleisch.In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der Versuch gemacht, die mikroskopischen Schnitte der wichtigsten in Betracht kommenden Gewebe und Organe in gekochtem Zustande so zu charakterisieren, daß sie in Gemischen einwandfrei identifiziert werden können.Die Technik der mikroskopischen Untersuchung von Fleisch- und Wurstwaren ist unter Angabe bewährter Verfahren eingehend dargestellt.     

Pseudoelasticity of Metal Nanoparticles Is Caused by Their Ultrahigh Strength

An assembly of hemispherical Ag nanoparticles is prepared by solid‐state dewetting of thin Ag film deposited on the sapphire substrate. The in situ nanomechanical compression testing of the particles with a flat diamond punch inside the scanning electron microscope demonstrates the deformation behavior typical for the nucleation‐controlled plasticity: high elastic deformation followed by an abrupt particles collapse. The latter is associated with the dislocations nucleation in otherwise pristine particle. The average contact pressure in the contact zone at the onset of dislocation‐controlled plasticity is about 8 GPa, and does not depend on particle size. This observation supports the hypothesis that the pseudoelasticity of much smaller Ag nanoparticles is intrinsically related to their ultrahigh strength. A stress‐induced diffusion along the particle–substrate and particle–punch interfaces is identified as a factor controlling the pseudoelastic deformation. The corresponding diffusion model allows estimating the room‐temperature self‐diffusion coefficient of Ag along the Ag–W and Ag–zirconia interfaces, which is quite close to the estimated value of the grain boundary self‐diffusion coefficient in Ag. Based on this finding, the map of pseudoelastic deformation of crystalline materials is proposed.     

Condition Evolution in Bridge Management Systems and Corrosion-Induced Deterioration

Condition assessment in the Swiss bridge management system (KUBA-MS) is performed on the element level. Five condition states are defined based on visual appearance. In order to forecast the condition states of any given element at any given time a relationship must be established between the element age and its condition state. This relationship, which describes the condition evolution, can be obtained empirically from statistical analysis of pairs of consecutive condition assessments (inspections). Markov chains are used in KUBA-MS to represent condition evolution and the transition probabilities are determined using regression analysis of pairs of inspections. Unfortunately there are almost no inspection data for the worst and second worst condition states. The forecasts made using Markov chains are therefore not always reliable. In this paper an alternative approach is suggested, which takes into consideration the physical phenomena underlying element deterioration. This alternative approach is applied to chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement, by far the most common deterioration mechanism in Switzerland. The chloride-induced corrosion is modeled mathematically and numerical simulations of the condition evolution for different values of model parameters are performed. The simulation results have been mapped to condition states as defined in KUBA-MS and Markov transition matrices have been calibrated to fit simulation results.     

Characterization of the ozone zero phenomenon by infrared spectroscopy

The presence of a small amount of nitrogen in the feed gas is necessary to generate ozone efficiently out of oxygen. Operating an ozone generator with ultra-pure oxygen for extended periods results in highly deteriorated ozone generation efficiency. In extreme cases, when the nitrogen levels in the feed gas are in the lower ppm range, the efficiency of the ozone generation process even drops to zero. In this article, we present our results concerning the correlation between the N₂O₅ concentration in the off-gas and the ozone generation efficiency. After the ozone generator is run for a well-defined amount of time with an oxygen–nitrogen mixture, the N₂ supply is shut off, and the behavior of the system is monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Different surface materials lead to different temporal behavior of both the nitrogen oxide levels and the ozone concentration after shutting down the nitrogen supply. The measurements show a good correlation between the evolution of ozone generation efficiency and the changes of the N₂O₅ concentration in the off-gas.     

Intelligent framework for radio access network design

Wireless Networks - The evolution of 5G networks over the last few years has introduced a variety of technologies for more efficient radio access networks (RANs), which end up in ultra-dense...     

Tribological problems in sodium-cooled nuclear power plants

Owing to a possible future shortage of uranium sodium-cooled fast breeder reactors are becoming important. Tribological processes in these facilities, especially in their nuclear components, are of special interest to reactor designers. However, reactor-specific operating conditions do not provide any parameters suitable for establishing reliable working tribosystems between the mating interfaces of contacting components. The friction and wear behaviour of materials has been extensively investigated under special reactor conditions. Work is being carried out on the equipment criteria characteristics of the frictional systems, the surface macroroughness and the chemical reactivity of liquid sodium. The current state of knowledge concerning the selection of materials, the interpretation of test data and engineering design is surveyed.     

Angaben zur chemischen Zusammensetzung der wichtigeren ungarischen Pflaumensorten

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