Kinetics of anodic oxide film growth on indium in alkaline solution

Data are presented which describe the kinetics of repassivation of freshly generated indium surfaces of pH 14. The process is controlled by ion conduction through the growing oxide film under high electric field. The associated kinetic parameters are tabulated. At high potentials an excess anodic charge is observed; it is attributed to conversion of some of the barrier film into an non-barrier layer. Some kinetic data associated with this process are presented.     

Hierarchical channel router

The channel routing problem is a special case of the wire routing problem when interconnections have to be performed within a rectangular strip having no obstructions between terminals located on opposite sides of the rectangle.We present here a new channel routing algorithm, based on reduction of the problem to the case of a ($\text{2 × n}$) grid and on consistent utilization of a ‘divide-and-conquer’ approach. For the current implementation of the algorithm, the running time is proportional to $\text{N}{}^1\text{n}\text{log}\text{(m)}$ where $\text{N}$ is the number of nets, $\text{n}$ the length of the channel (number of columns) and $\text{m}$ the width of the channel (number of tracks).Traditional technological restrictions are assumed, ie, net terminals are located on vertical grid lines, two wiring layers are available for interconnections. One layer is used exclusively for vertical segments and another for horizontal. Vias are introduced for each layer change.This algorithm consistently outperforms several known routers in quality of wiring. We tested the algorithm on several benchmark problems. One of them, Deutsch's ‘difficult example’, was routed with only 19 horizontal wiring tracks (the absolute minimum for this case), whereas all other known routers required 20 or more tracks.     

Expression of the smooth-muscle proteins alpha-smooth-muscle actin and calponin, and of the intermediate filament protein desmin are parameters of cardiomyocyte maturation in the prenatal rat heart

Tip growth of plant cells has been suggested to be regulated by a tip-focused gradient in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c). However, whether this gradient orients apical growth or follows the driving force for this process remains unknown. Using localized photoactivation of the caged calcium ionophore Br-A23187 we have been able to artificially generate an asymmetrical calcium influx across the root hair tip. This led to a change in the direction of tip growth towards the high point of the new [Ca2+]c gradient. Such reorientation of growth was transient and there was a return to the original direction within 15 min. Root hairs forced to change the direction of their growth by placing a mechanical obstacle in their path stopped, reoriented growth to the side, and grew past the mechanical blockage. However, as soon as the growing tip had cleared the obstacle, growth returned to the original direction. Confocal ratio imaging revealed that a tip-focused [Ca2+]c gradient was always centered at the site of active growth. When the root hair changed direction the gradient also reoriented, and when growth returned to the original direction, so did the [Ca2+]c gradient. This normal direction of apical growth of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, root hairs was found to be at a fixed angle from the root of 85 +/- 6.7 degrees. In contrast, Tradescantia virginiana (L.) pollen tubes that were induced to reorient by touch or localized activation of the caged ionophore, did not return to the original growth direction, but continued to elongate in their new orientation. These results suggest that the tip-focused [Ca2+]c gradient is an important factor in localizing growth of the elongating root hair and pollen tube to the apex. However, it is not the primary determinant of the direction of elongation in root hairs, suggesting that other information from the root is acting to continuously reset the growth direction away from the root surface.     

Cutaneous reactions following herpes zoster infections: report of three cases and a review of the literature

Three patients, one healthy and two immunocompromised, developed cutaneous reactions that histologically mimicked granuloma annulare at sites of resolved varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation infections. Variable latency periods between the infection and the granulomatous reaction were noted. As in other case reports, the presence of VZV DNA in these lesions was inconsistently demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and appears more common in early, as opposed to late, post-zoster granulomas. In addition to various granulomatous reactions, vasculitic and neoplastic eruptions following resolved VZV infections have been described and are reviewed here. Therapeutically, topical, intralesional and systemic corticosteroids, as well as acyclovir, have been tried with inconsistent results. Although the pathogenesis remains unclear, the presence of VZV DNA in early lesions that histologically do not display viral cytopathic changes, suggests the virus induces an atypical delayed hypersensitivity reaction not affected by antiviral therapy.     

Consequences of the ambivalence about openness and transparency]

Personnel at the general intensive care unit at the University of Heidelberg Children's Hospital aim for a maximum of openness and transparency for parents regarding everything relevant to their own child. In this context ward nurses were interviewed about diverse aspects of their work. Aside from technical-medical activities, nurses regarded the relationship to the parents to be a central point in their work. The recognize that the relationship to the parents influences the relationship to the child and partially even the nursing of the child. Nurses are in favor of openness and transparency in relating to parents, however, reality reveals contradictions. Nurses differentiated attitude and the consequences for physicians, psychologists and parents are discussed. A case example is presented.     

Complete unloading alone may not adequately protect the left ventricle

BACKGROUND: The benefit of left ventricular (LV) unloading for preserving LV function is commonly accepted, but its efficacy remains incompletely defined. METHODS: We studied the influence of complete LV unloading on LV systolic and diastolic mechanics using an in situ isovolumic preparation with two different coronary perfusion pressures (CPPs) in 12 dogs during prolonged normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of covariance with time as a covariate revealed that a high CPP (143 +/- 36 mm Hg; n = 6) was associated with better preservation of systolic LV function over time as assessed by LV end-systolic elastance (p < 0.001) and the end-systolic pressure-volume relation physiologic intercept (p < 0.001) compared with a moderate CPP (107 +/- 18 mm Hg; p < 0.005 versus a high CPP by t-test; n = 6). Dobutamine (2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) improved LV end-systolic elastance (p < 0.005) and LV physiologic intercept (p < 0.01) only in the high-CPP group. Conversely, impaired LV diastolic function (as measured by LV stiffness) was observed (p < 0.001) with a high CPP, but did not change with a moderate CPP. CONCLUSIONS: These observations in canine hearts suggest that complete LV unloading may not preserve LV systolic function adequately over time when CPP is maintained in the accepted clinical range. A higher CPP is required to prevent deterioration over prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass times, but diastolic dysfunction still occurs.