Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of a Fragrant Japonica Rice Cultivar ‘Changxianggeng 1813’ Provides Insights into Genomic Variations between Fragrant and Non-Fragrant Japonica Rice

East Asia has an abundant resource of fragrant japonica rice that is gaining increasing interest among both consumers and producers. However, genomic resources and in particular complete genome sequences currently available for the breeding of fragrant japonica rice are still scarce. Here, integrating Nanopore long-read sequencing, Illumina short-read sequencing, and Hi-C methods, we presented a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly (~378.78 Mb) for a new fragrant japonica cultivar ‘Changxianggeng 1813’, with 31,671 predicated protein-coding genes. Based on the annotated genome sequence, we demonstrated that it was the badh2-E2 type of deletion (a 7-bp deletion in the second exon) that caused fragrance in ‘Changxianggeng 1813’. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that multiple gene families involved in the abiotic stress response were expanded in the ‘Changxianggeng 1813’ genome, which further supported the previous finding that no generalized loss of abiotic stress tolerance associated with the fragrance phenotype. Although the ‘Changxianggeng 1813’ genome showed high genomic synteny with the genome of the non-fragrant japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare, a total of 289,970 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 96,093 small insertion-deletion polymorphisms (InDels), and 8690 large structure variants (SVs, >1000 bp) were identified between them. Together, these genomic resources will be valuable for elucidating the mechanisms underlying economically important traits and have wide-ranging implications for genomics-assisted breeding in fragrant japonica rice.     

Distinct Responses to Pathogenic and Symbionic Microorganisms: The Role of Plant Immunity

Plants must balance both beneficial (symbiotic) and pathogenic challenges from microorganisms, the former benefitting the plant and agriculture and the latter causing disease and economic harm. Plant innate immunity describes a highly conserved set of defense mechanisms that play pivotal roles in sensing immunogenic signals associated with both symbiotic and pathogenic microbes and subsequent downstream activation of signaling effector networks that protect the plant. An intriguing question is how the innate immune system distinguishes “friends” from “foes”. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role and spectrum of innate immunity in recognizing and responding to different microbes. In addition, we also review some of the strategies used by microbes to manipulate plant signaling pathways and thus evade immunity, with emphasis on the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). Furthermore, we discuss potential questions that need addressing to advance the field of plant–microbe interactions.     

FgCsn12 Is Involved in the Regulation of Ascosporogenesis in the Wheat Scab Fungus Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease worldwide. Ascospores are the primary inoculum of F. graminearum, and sexual reproduction is a critical step in its infection cycle. In this study, we characterized the functions of FgCsn12. Although the ortholog of FgCsn12 in budding yeast was reported to have a direct interaction with Csn5, which served as the core subunit of the COP9 signalosome, the interaction between FgCsn12 and FgCsn5 was not detected through the yeast two-hybrid assay. The deletion of FgCSN12 resulted in slight defects in the growth rate, conidial morphology, and pathogenicity. Instead of forming four-celled, uninucleate ascospores, the Fgcsn12 deletion mutant produced oval ascospores with only one or two cells and was significantly defective in ascospore discharge. The 3′UTR of FgCsn12 was dispensable for vegetative growth but essential for sexual reproductive functions. Compared with those of the wild type, 1204 genes and 2240 genes were up- and downregulated over twofold, respectively, in the Fgcsn12 mutant. Taken together, FgCsn12 demonstrated an important function in the regulation of ascosporogenesis in F. graminearum.     

Cordycepin Inhibits Growth and Metastasis Formation of MDA-MB-231 Xenografts in Nude Mice by Modulating the Hedgehog Pathway

We previously found that cordycepin inhibits the growth and metastasis formation of MDA-MB-231 cells through the Hedgehog pathway but has not validated this in vivo. In this study, we confirmed cordycepin’s anti-triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) effect in nude mice and documented its mechanism. We found that cordycepin reduced the volume and weight of MDA-MB-231 xenografts and affected the expression of proliferation-, apoptosis-, epithelial–mesenchymal transition-, and matrix metalloproteinase-related proteins without side effects. RNA sequencing screening, pathway enrichment, and the protein network interaction analysis revealed enriched pathways and targets mainly concentrated on the Hedgehog pathway and its core components of SHH and GLI2. This indicates that the Hedgehog pathway plays a central role in the cordycepin-mediated regulation of growth and metastasis formation in TNBC. The database analysis of the Hedgehog pathway markers (SHH, PTCH1, SMO, GLI1, and GLI2) revealed that the Hedgehog pathway is activated in breast cancer tissues, and its high expression is not conducive to a patient’s survival. Finally, we verified that cordycepin effectively inhibited the Hedgehog pathway in TNBC through Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. This study found that cordycepin could regulate the growth and metastasis formation of TNBC through the Hedgehog pathway in vivo, which provides new insights for targeting and treating breast cancer.     

数据驱动的航天器故障诊断研究现状及挑战

总结了基于数据驱动的故障诊断技术理论、方法及其在航天器上的应用现状,指出其面临的挑战并提出一种解决方案。将基于数据驱动的故障诊断方法按照技术发展顺序分为基于传统机器学习的方法、基于深度学习的方法以及基于迁移学习的方法。基于传统机器学习的方法需要大量的人工参与和丰富的专家经验,在小样本数据上有着优异的性能,但不适合处理大数据。在大数据背景下,重点介绍了卷积神经网络、循环神经网络、深度自编码器以及深度信念网络的基本概念以及原理,对其在航天器故障诊断领域的研究现状进行了阐述和总结。针对深度学习严重依赖于带标签数据这一问题,介绍了基于迁移学习的故障诊断技术,并提出适应航天器应用的场景,为数据驱动的故障诊断技术工程应用提供了一种方法和思路。     

法国贝尔纳尔丹铀矿床热液蚀变与成矿特征研究

在总结法国贝尔纳尔丹花岗岩型铀矿床蚀变类型、矿物组合、矿物生成顺序等矿化特征基础上,对矿床的蚀变特征和成矿模式进行了探讨。该矿床含矿围岩分别为英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩(G型)和中-粗粒过铝质二云母浅色花岗岩(L型),其中L型花岗岩为含矿围岩。矿床中与铀矿化密切相关的蚀变类型较多,最典型的当属由富18 O流体进入花岗岩裂隙形成的变正长岩化蚀变,使花岗岩更为碎裂,增加了成矿空间并在之后的流体作用下发生再次蚀变,形成伊利石-蒙脱石并吸附了铀石,伊利石化-蒙脱石化越强烈,铀矿化程度越高。铀矿化是两次蚀变的产物,矿体的形态不仅受变正长岩中形成的裂隙构造所控制,同时矿化还受流经变正长岩的流体和表生作用的控制。     

啤酒发酵中温度的测控方法

结合集散控制系统的特点,设计了一种嵌入式啤酒发酵控制系统。该系统采用自主研发的智能化SOC(System on Chip)嵌入式数据终端处理器作为控制终端;通过差动中值定标的方法实现现场高精度检测;使用固定周期预测增量控制方法对啤酒发酵的温度进行控制;采用时间隧道数据处理器处理的方法而使数据处理系统化,提高了系统的稳定性和连贯性;数据终端处理器配置通用串行口,与工控计算机组成局域网实现集散式控制。实践证明,该系统不仅成本低、功能强,而且灵活、可靠。     

浅层地热能开发回灌井施工技术研究——以郑州市东、西部新城区为例

地下水回灌是浅层地热能开发利用中不可缺少的环节,回灌井是实施回灌的关键设施,其施工技术是影响回灌效果的重要因素。选取郑州市东部新城区、西部新城区浅层地热能开发的回灌井为研究对象,分析不同区域地质条件的差异,通过回灌井结构分析地下水的回灌机理,论述影响回灌效果的因素。结合试验井施工情况,论述泥浆正循环钻进、泵吸反循环钻进、冲击钻进等不同钻进工艺的适用条件和施工中存在的问题,以及钢筋砼管、钢管和U-PVC管等不同成井管材对回灌效果的影响,探索提高单位回灌量的针对性措施,为今后郑州市及周边地区浅层地热能开发回灌井的施工提供参考。     

基于仿生观念的多层薄壁结构承载热防护一体化分析设计

受仿生观念启发,通过对力学与传热性能的表征和优化分析,研究了多层薄壁结构的承载和热防护的一体化设计问题。以生活在印度洋底的蜗牛壳结构为原型,构造了分层薄壁结构受力和传热的概念性模型,开展了热防护和承载性能的表征与分析。通过三维气动加热算例和基于遗传算法的优化设计,验证了仿生结构具有最佳的材料参数的排布,是综合热防护和承载性能于一体的优越结构形式。     

服务于地铁施工的三维地质模型快速构建方法

本文介绍适合城市轨道交通工程施工单位的地铁工程三维地质模型快速建立方法,基于AECOsim Building Designer软件平台,利用地质剖面图,通过插入控制点,拟合地质界面,链接地质属性,最终建立三维地质模型。建模简便,数据来源于施工方日常使用数据,能满足施工方日常生产使用。实现三维地质可视化和查询数据的效果,从而使现场技术人员和管理人员更加真实、直观地认识各种地质结构,辅助解决各类地质施工问题。