新型钛基体PbO2电极的制备及降解性能研究

采用电沉积法制备钛基体PbO2电极并对其表面形貌进行了表征,所制备的电极具有较高的析氧电位和良好的电催化活性。以制备的钛基PbO2为阳极,抛光钛电极为阴极,分别进行电流密度、反应时间、pH、电解质质量浓度等单因素试验,确定PbO2电极对亚甲基蓝的最优降解条件为:pH=6,电解质质量浓度为5.0 g.L-1,电流密度为5×10-2A.cm-2,该条件下亚甲基蓝1 h的降解率可以达到99%;且电流密度为0.25×10-2A.cm-2时能耗最低。     

降低某油田采油污水处理中污泥产生量技术研究

针对陕北某油田处理采油污水絮凝剂投加量和污泥产生量大的特点,采用"先回流污泥后絮凝"的方法进行降低污泥产生量研究,探讨了常规简单絮凝和"先回流污泥后絮凝"处理中污水pH、絮凝剂投加量、回流污泥量等因素对污泥产生量的影响。结果表明,"先回流污泥后絮凝"处理工艺能显著降低絮凝剂用量和污泥产生量,其中PAC和PAM投加量分别降低81.25%和50%,污泥产生量降低48.40%。处理后污水可达到SY/T 5329-1994回注水要求。     

高浓度有机废液预处理技术的研究

探讨了采用铁炭微电解-Fenton氧化-絮凝技术对高浓度有机废液进行预处理。结果表明,铁炭微电解反应条件为:进水pH为4,反应时间60 min,铁炭体积比为2:1,反应2次;Fenton氧化反应条件为:初始pH为4,投加占废液体积4%的质量分数30%的H2O2,反应时间60 min;絮凝沉淀反应条件为:初始pH为7,投加PAM 5 mg/L,PAC 300 mg/L。实验室优化工艺条件下COD总去除率达到93.3%,B/C由0.052提高至0.346,提高了废液的可生化性。经预处理后,可以进入企业污水处理站后续处理,达标排放。本方法能够将作为危险固废的高浓度有机废液转变为一般有机废水,以降低处理成本。     

全动型变焦距照相物镜的象差优化设计

本文阐述了在微型机上进行全动型变焦距照相物镜优化设计的工作。提出了一种隐含函数控制方法,并对选择间隔作为变量参与优化过程进行了分析,在IBM-PC/XT微型机上编制了该变焦系统的优化设计程序,并以三组元全动型变焦距照相物镜f38～105为例进行了优化设计,结果证明该程序是可行和有效的。     

具有软管连接电液伺服系统动态分析与辨识

本文对伺服阀与液压马达之间连有软管的电液伺服系统进行动态分析,并用频率法进行测试和系统辨识。     

重建一维多层媒质的时域逼近法

本文提出了一种新的重建一维多层媒质的时域逼近法,并给出了若干反演的实例。     

论复合型表面裂纹准则

本文用理论和试验分析相结合的方法研讨了作者和前人先后提出的表面裂纹复合型断裂准则[G]max、[S]min、[σ_θ]max、[U_v]max、[σ_α]max和[r_p]max六个准则;再次证明了后三个准则优于前三准则;实测出了表面裂纹最深点的起裂角和临界起裂载荷随表面裂纹倾斜角的变化规律;最后指出了断裂准则中断裂参数应建立在相同的力学基准上,从而为工程应用和理论研究提供了可靠的依据。     

Physically Linked PVA/P(AAm‐co‐SMA) Hydrogels: Tough,Fast Recovery,Antifatigue, and Self‐Healing Soft Materials

The application of traditional chemically crosslinked hydrogels is often limited by poor mechanical properties because of their own inhomogeneous network and irreversible crosslinking bonds. Herein, physical interactions are applied to crosslink the interpenetrating network hydrogel, i.e., hydrogen bonding and crystalline domain for polyvinyl alcohol network, and hydrophobic interaction inside micelle for poly (acrylamide‐co‐stearyl methyl acrylate) [P(AAm‐co‐SMA)] network. In this gel network system, reversible energy dissipation mechanism is realized by dissociation and reassociation of weak interactions including hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction inside the micelle. Strong crystalline domains serve as permanent crosslinking interactions to maintain network integrity under large extension. As a result, the synergy of weak and strong interactions leads to tough, antifatigue, fast recovery, and self‐healing properties of the hydrogel. This proposed strategy of achieving versatile hydrogels can broaden the use of hydrogels into load‐bearing applications.     

The morphology and structure of crystals in Qing Dynasty purple‐gold glaze excavated from the Forbidden City

Ancient Chinese purple‐gold glaze (zijinyou) is popular for its beautiful figuration, unique allure and fine craftsmanship. To understand the crystalline nature in the purple‐gold glaze, the morphology and structure of crystals precipitated in the glaze layer of purple‐gold glaze porcelain fired during the Qing Dynasty were characterized by a variety of methods combining X‐ray and electron‐based techniques. A large quantity of single‐phase twinning ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals with lengths of 1‐3 μm, widths of less than 1 μm, and thickness of approximately 150 nm are found dispersed across the glaze surface to a depth of approximately tens of micrometers. These crystals show stratification across the cross‐section of the purple glaze consisting of 4 sublayers according to the crystal size. The formation of ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals primarily contributed to the reddish‐brown tones of the purple‐gold glaze. The presence of anorthite, a strong reducing atmosphere during the firing process and the vitreous nature of the glaze influenced the growth of ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals. These results suggest the controllability of single‐phase ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals by identifying and understanding the underlying chemical processes in ancient Chinese crystalline glaze porcelain, and the findings will provide insights for modern material scientists in preparing ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals with large sizes and high purities.     

钌基催化剂用于直接法合成气制低碳烯烃反应

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,通过等体积浸渍法制备钌基催化剂,用其进行催化CO加氢,研究制低碳烯烃反应中钌基催化剂的催化性能,考察催化剂的焙烧温度、工艺条件及碱金属助剂Na对钌基催化剂CO加氢反应的影响。结果发现,焙烧温度400 ℃制备的钌基催化剂具有最大的比表面积,在反应温度220 ℃、反应压力1.0 MPa和空速1 500 mL·(h·g)^-1条件下,可以保证较高的CO转化率及低碳烯烃选择性。碱金属助剂Na提高了催化剂催化活性,Na质量分数为4%6%时,钌基催化剂表现出最佳的CO转化率及低碳烯烃选择性。