全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1036篇 |
免费 | 47篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 10篇 |
综合类 | 4篇 |
化学工业 | 533篇 |
金属工艺 | 15篇 |
机械仪表 | 27篇 |
建筑科学 | 31篇 |
矿业工程 | 4篇 |
能源动力 | 28篇 |
轻工业 | 65篇 |
水利工程 | 3篇 |
石油天然气 | 10篇 |
武器工业 | 2篇 |
无线电 | 28篇 |
一般工业技术 | 195篇 |
冶金工业 | 52篇 |
原子能技术 | 3篇 |
自动化技术 | 78篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 166篇 |
2021年 | 101篇 |
2020年 | 34篇 |
2019年 | 25篇 |
2018年 | 46篇 |
2017年 | 36篇 |
2016年 | 45篇 |
2015年 | 25篇 |
2014年 | 40篇 |
2013年 | 57篇 |
2012年 | 56篇 |
2011年 | 74篇 |
2010年 | 42篇 |
2009年 | 53篇 |
2008年 | 46篇 |
2007年 | 34篇 |
2006年 | 26篇 |
2005年 | 31篇 |
2004年 | 17篇 |
2003年 | 19篇 |
2002年 | 29篇 |
2001年 | 12篇 |
2000年 | 11篇 |
1999年 | 7篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 7篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1088条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Annika Kempmann Thomas Gensch Andreas Offenhusser Irina Tihaa Vanessa Maybeck Sabine Balfanz Arnd Baumann 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(12)
Calcium (Ca2+) ions play a pivotal role in physiology and cellular signaling. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is about three orders of magnitude lower than the extracellular concentration, resulting in a steep transmembrane concentration gradient. Thus, the spatial and the temporal dynamics of [Ca2+]i are ideally suited to modulate Ca2+-mediated cellular responses to external signals. A variety of highly sophisticated methods have been developed to gain insight into cellular Ca2+ dynamics. In addition to electrophysiological measurements and the application of synthetic dyes that change their fluorescent properties upon interaction with Ca2+, the introduction and the ongoing development of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECI) opened a new era to study Ca2+-driven processes in living cells and organisms. Here, we have focused on one well-established GECI, i.e., GCaMP3.0. We have systematically modified the protein with sequence motifs, allowing localization of the sensor in the nucleus, in the mitochondrial matrix, at the mitochondrial outer membrane, and at the plasma membrane. The individual variants and a cytosolic version of GCaMP3.0 were overexpressed and purified from E. coli cells to study their biophysical properties in solution. All versions were examined to monitor Ca2+ signaling in stably transfected cell lines and in primary cortical neurons transduced with recombinant Adeno-associated viruses (rAAV). In this comparative study, we provide evidence for a robust approach to reliably trace Ca2+ signals at the (sub)-cellular level with pronounced temporal resolution. 相似文献
12.
Irina V. Ogneva Yulia S. Zhdankina Oleg V. Kotov 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(14)
Studies of reproductive function under long-term space flight conditions are of interest in planning the exploration of deep space. Motility, including the use of various inhibitors, cellular respiration, and the content of cytoskeletal proteins were studied, assessing the level of expression of the corresponding genes in spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster, which were in space flight conditions for 12 days. The experiment was carried out twice on board the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Sperm motility speed after space flight, and subsequently 16 h after landing, is reduced relative to the control by 20% (p < 0.05). In comparison with the simulation experiment, we showed that this occurs as a result of the action of overloads and readaptation to the Earth’s gravity. At the same time, cellular respiration, the content of proteins of the respiratory chain, and the expression of their genes do not change. We used kinase inhibitor 6-(dimethylamino)purine (6-DMAP) and phosphatase inhibitors; 6-DMAP restored the reduced the speed of spermatozoa in the flight group to that of the control. These results can be useful in developing a strategy for protecting reproductive health during the development of other bodies in the solar system. 相似文献
13.
Clare Robinson D.A. Barry Irina Kouznetsova 《The Science of the total environment》2009,407(16):4560-4573
Enhanced reductive dehalogenation is an attractive treatment technology for in situ remediation of chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas. Reductive dehalogenation is an acid-forming process with hydrochloric acid and also organic acids from fermentation of the electron donors typically building up in the source zone during remediation. This can lead to groundwater acidification thereby inhibiting the activity of dehalogenating microorganisms. Where the soils' natural buffering capacity is likely to be exceeded, the addition of an external source of alkalinity is needed to ensure sustained dehalogenation. To assist in the design of bioremediation systems, an abiotic geochemical model was developed to provide insight into the processes influencing the groundwater acidity as dehalogenation proceeds, and to predict the amount of bicarbonate required to maintain the pH at a suitable level for dehalogenating bacteria (i.e., > 6.5). The model accounts for the amount of chlorinated solvent degraded, site water chemistry, electron donor, alternative terminal electron-accepting processes, gas release and soil mineralogy. While calcite and iron oxides were shown to be the key minerals influencing the soil's buffering capacity, for the extensive dehalogenation likely to occur in a DNAPL source zone, significant bicarbonate addition may be necessary even in soils that are naturally well buffered. Results indicated that the bicarbonate requirement strongly depends on the electron donor used and availability of competing electron acceptors (e.g., sulfate, iron (III)). Based on understanding gained from this model, a simplified model was developed for calculating a preliminary design estimate of the bicarbonate addition required to control the pH for user-specified operating conditions. 相似文献
14.
Irina Sorokina Arcady R. Mushegian Eugene V. Koonin 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(1)
The prevailing current view of protein folding is the thermodynamic hypothesis, under which the native folded conformation of a protein corresponds to the global minimum of Gibbs free energy G. We question this concept and show that the empirical evidence behind the thermodynamic hypothesis of folding is far from strong. Furthermore, physical theory-based approaches to the prediction of protein folds and their folding pathways so far have invariably failed except for some very small proteins, despite decades of intensive theory development and the enormous increase of computer power. The recent spectacular successes in protein structure prediction owe to evolutionary modeling of amino acid sequence substitutions enhanced by deep learning methods, but even these breakthroughs provide no information on the protein folding mechanisms and pathways. We discuss an alternative view of protein folding, under which the native state of most proteins does not occupy the global free energy minimum, but rather, a local minimum on a fluctuating free energy landscape. We further argue that ΔG of folding is likely to be positive for the majority of proteins, which therefore fold into their native conformations only through interactions with the energy-dependent molecular machinery of living cells, in particular, the translation system and chaperones. Accordingly, protein folding should be modeled as it occurs in vivo, that is, as a non-equilibrium, active, energy-dependent process. 相似文献
15.
Alexandra V. Dyomina Anna A. Kovalenko Maria V. Zakharova Tatiana Yu. Postnikova Alexandra V. Griflyuk Ilya V. Smolensky Irina V. Antonova Aleksey V. Zaitsev 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(1)
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are expressed predominantly on neurons and glial cells and are involved in the modulation of a wide range of signal transduction cascades. Therefore, different subtypes of mGluRs are considered a promising target for the treatment of various brain diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated the seizure-induced upregulation of mGluR5; however, its functional significance is still unclear. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the effect of treatment with the selective mGluR5 antagonist 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-pyridine (MTEP) on epileptogenesis and behavioral impairments in rats using the lithium–pilocarpine model. We found that the administration of MTEP during the latent phase of the model did not improve survival, prevent the development of epilepsy, or attenuate its manifestations in rats. However, MTEP treatment completely prevented neuronal loss and partially attenuated astrogliosis in the hippocampus. An increase in excitatory amino acid transporter 2 expression, which has been detected in treated rats, may prevent excitotoxicity and be a potential mechanism of neuroprotection. We also found that MTEP administration did not prevent the behavioral comorbidities such as depressive-like behavior, motor hyperactivity, reduction of exploratory behavior, and cognitive impairments typical in the lithium–pilocarpine model. Thus, despite the distinct neuroprotective effect, the MTEP treatment was ineffective in preventing epilepsy. 相似文献
16.
17.
Irina Pozdnyakova Alexandra Navrotsky Lidia Shilkina Larisa Reznitchenko 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2002,85(2):379-384
Thermodynamics of the Na1−x Li x NbO3 system is investigated by high-temperature drop-solution calorimetry in molten 3Na2 O–4MoO3 solvent at 973 K. Standard molar enthalpies of formation are derived. The estimated heats of transition between hypothetical and stable structures, lithium niobate and perovskite for NaNbO3 and vice versa for LiNbO3 are −6 kJ/mol and −10 kJ/mol, respectively. X-ray diffraction studies at room temperature showed for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.14 there are three phases based on different ordering of the perovskite type lattice: orthorhombic with a quadrupled reduced perovskite cell at 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.02, orthorhombic with a doubled reduced perovskite cell at 0.015 ≤ x ≤ 0.14, and rhombohedral at 0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.13. There are two two-phase (morphotropic) regions with coexistence of the two orthorhombic phases at 0.015 ≤ x ≤ 0.02 and with the second orthorhombic phase coexisting with the rhombohedral phase at 0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.13. A reproducible anomaly in specific heat at ∼600 K, not reported previously, has been observed in pure NaNbO3 . Heat-capacity measurements confirm a phase transition at 553 K for 0.07 ≤ x ≤ 0.09. With increasing lithium concentration, a gradual disappearance of high-temperature phase transitions associated with tilting of oxygen octahedra has been observed. 相似文献
18.
This paper extends a method previously introduced by the authors for building a transparent fault classification algorithm by combining the fuzzy clustering, fuzzy logic and decision trees techniques. The baseline method transforms an opaque, fuzzy clustering-based classification model into a fuzzy logic inference model based on linguistic rules which can be represented by a decision tree formalism. The classification model thereby obtained is transparent in that it allows direct interpretation and inspection of the model. An extension in the procedure for the development of the fuzzy logic inference model is introduced to allow the treatment of more complicated cases, e.g. splitted and overlapping clusters. The corresponding computational tool developed relies on a number of parameters which can be tuned by the user to optimally compromise the level of transparency of the classification process and its efficiency. A numerical application is presented with regards to the fault classification in the Steam Generator of a Pressurized Water Reactor. 相似文献
19.
Dmitry Oshchepkov Irina Chadaeva Rimma Kozhemyakina Karina Zolotareva Bato Khandaev Ekaterina Sharypova Petr Ponomarenko Anton Bogomolov Natalya V. Klimova Svetlana Shikhevich Olga Redina Nataliya G. Kolosova Maria Nazarenko Nikolay A. Kolchanov Arcady Markel Mikhail Ponomarenko 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(5)
20.
Irina Lousa Flvio Reis Alice Santos-Silva Luís Belo 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(6)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a global public health problem. Despite the current advances in medicine, CKD-associated morbidity and mortality remain unacceptably high. Several studies have highlighted the contribution of inflammation and inflammatory mediators to the development and/or progression of CKD, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related biomarkers. The inflammation pathway driven by TNF-α, through TNF receptors 1 (TNFR1) and 2 (TNFR2), involves important mediators in the pathogenesis of CKD. Circulating levels of TNFRs were associated with changes in other biomarkers of kidney function and injury, and were described as predictors of disease progression, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality in several cohorts of patients. Experimental studies describe the possible downstream signaling pathways induced upon TNFR activation and the resulting biological responses. This review will focus on the available data on TNFR1 and TNFR2, and illustrates their contributions to the pathophysiology of kidney diseases, their cellular and molecular roles, as well as their potential as CKD biomarkers. The emerging evidence shows that TNF receptors could act as biomarkers of renal damage and as mediators of the disease. Furthermore, it has been suggested that these biomarkers could significantly improve the discrimination of clinical CKD prognostic models. 相似文献