Statistical Evaluation of Data for Detecting Adulteration of California Navel Orange Juice

Compositional data from California early-, mid-, and late-season navel orange juice, concentrate and two-stage pulpwash were analyzed by various statistical techniques (ratios, regression, chi-square, Linear combination, and discriminant analysis) for detecting adulteration. These techniques were evaluated according to applicability for detecting three types of adulteration: (1) addition of sugar and/or citric acid, (2) addition of excess or unauthorized pulpwash, and (3) addition of other constituents intended to mask the dilution. Most parameters were significantly affected by time of harvest following commercial maturity. Two-stage pulpwash showed small but significant differences from corresponding single strength juice. Product differences were of about the same magnitude as the differences due to harvest date.     

The Evolution of Techniques for the Winch Dyeing of Carpets— Some Practical Observations

The evolution of techniques for the piece dyeing of tufted carpets is discussed. Most of the development work was carried out on nylon and the piece dyeing of nylon tufted carpets is now well established. The application of the method to viscose rayon, polyester and some other fibres is discussed. Only a small number of dyes are required for each fibre to give a wide range of dyeings of adequate fastness properties.     

On joint detection,estimation and system identification: discrete data case†

The recent results of Lainiotis (1971 a, b, 1971) on single-shot, as well as multishot, joint detection, estimation and system identification for continuous data and dynamics are extended to multishot, discrete data and discrete dynamical systems. The results are given for the signals generated by the linear dynamical systems with unknown parameter vectors and driven by white gaussian sequences, where the observation contains additive white gaussian noise. Specifically, it is shown that the above problem constitutes a class of non-linear mean-square estimation problems. By utilizing the adaptive approach, closed-form integral expressions are obtained for simultaneously optimal detection, estimation and system identification. In addition, several approximate algorithms that utilize linear Kalman estimators are presented to limit the storage requirement to finite size and reduce computational requirements. The results presented in this paper are applicable to both independent and Markov signalling sources     

Influence of alloying elements on microstructure and microhardness of Mg-Sn-Zn-based alloys

The phase evolution in （88%-91%）Mg-8%Sn-l%Zn-X （X=A1, Mn and/or Ce） system was analyzed via CALPHAD method and simulations were used in precise selection of the chemical composition. The influence of the addition of different alloying elements such as A1, Mn and Ce on the microstructure and microhardness of Mg-8%Sn-l%Zn-based alloys was investigated. Combined addition of A1 and Mn shows features distinct from separate addition of A1 or Mn. Additions of l%AI and l%Mn to base alloy result in the formation of massive A1-Mn phase in a-Mg matrix grains. Addition of Ce element can refme the second eutectic precipitates and form intermetallic compounds with Sn. Fine rod-like Sn-Ce phase presents mainly on the grain boundaries and plays a role in inhibiting grain growth. The effects of alloying elements on Vickers microhardness and indentation size effect of base alloy were examined.     

Formation of interfacial brittle phases sigma phase and IMC in hybrid titanium-to-stainless steel joint

The microstructures of the brazed joints for commercially pure Ti and stainless steel were investigated by the applications of various filler alloys including Ag-, Ti-, Zr- and Ni-based alloys. Generally, the dissimilar joints between Ti and stainless steel were dominated by the Ti-based intermetallic compounds (IMCs), e.g. (Ti, Zr)2(Fe, Ni), TiFe, TiCu, and Ti2(Fe, Ni), due to a significant dissolution of Ti from the base metal. The (Fe-Cr) σ phase was also observed near the stainless steel due to a segregation of Cr into the interface region. This research demonstrates empirically that the brittleness of the Ti and stainless steel joint can not be avoided only by applying single braze alloy or single insert metal, and thus an introduction of additional suitable interlayer between the filler alloy and the base metal is necessary to prevent the brittleness of the joint.     

EFFECTS OF DIETARY GLYCINE BETAINE ON BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND PORK QUALITY

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary glycine betaine on pork quality and blood characteristics. A total of 80 female pigs (Landrace  ×  Yorkshire  ×  Duroc) were randomly allotted into one of four experimental diet groups. Each group of pigs fed with a commercial diet (control) added with 0.2 g glycine betaine (T1), 0.4 g glycine betaine (T2) and 0.6 g glycine betaine (T3)/kg diet during 40 days. Glycine betaine concentrations in plasma and loin muscle were significantly increased by dietary glycine betaine; however, triglyceride concentration in serum was decreased by dietary glycine betaine. Creatine phosphokinase concentrations in plasma had no significant difference among the dietary groups. Redness ( a* ) was significantly higher in T2 and T3; however, at the first and seventh days of storage, redness ( a* ) was not significantly different between dietary groups. Shear force was significantly higher in dietary glycine betaine groups at the first day of storage. Cholesterol content was significantly lower in T2 and T3, whereas T1 was not significantly different compared with the control group. In fatty acid composition, the ratio of saturated fatty acids was increased, whereas unsaturated fatty acids were decreased by dietary glycine betaine.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Glycine betaine is an amino acid (trimethylglycine) present in most organisms, and is an obligatory intermediate in the catabolism of choline. Glycine betaine has been reported to affect some aspects of pork qualities. As a result of this study, dietary glycine betaine should improve meat redness and reduce cholesterol. However, dietary glycine betaine did not influence creatine phosphokinase levels in plasma. These results will be helpful to the pork industry and meat scientists for improving meat qaulity.     

Grain growth of copper films prepared by chemical vapour deposition

Copper films having thickness 600 nm were prepared on TiN using chemical vapour deposition (CVD). The deposited films were annealed at various temperatures (350–550°C) in Ar and H₂(10%)-Ar ambients. The changes in the grain size of the films upon annealing were investigated. Annealing in an H₂(10%)-Ar ambient produced normal grain growth; annealing in an Ar ambient caused grain growth to stop at 550°C. The grain size followed a monomodal distribution and the mean size increased in proportion to the square root of the annealing time, indicating the curvature of the grain is the main driving force for grain growth. Upon annealing at 450°C for 30 min in an H₂(10%)-Ar ambient, the average grain size of the film increased from 122 nm to 219 nm, and the resistivity decreased from 2.35 μΩ cm to 2.12 μΩ cm at a film thickness of 600 nm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

EFFECTS OF SALT AND SUCROSE ADDITION ON THERMAL DENATURATION AND AGGREGATION OF WATER-LEACHED FISH MUSCLE1

Heat-induced denaturation of water-leached fish muscle proteins, as affected by addition of sucrose and/or salt, were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Net enthalpic changes for these muscle proteins were always endothermic in nature, and of a greater magnitude at faster heating rates. This was interpreted to infer that aggregation at lower heating rates led to formation of a gel structure in which potential bondings were more completely accomplished; that is, a more energetically favorable structure was attained with slow heating. The stabilization of proteins by sucrose, and destablization of proteins by salt, were revealed by shifts in transition peaks and activation energies, the latter determined by two methods of kinetic analysis.