Muscle decomposition and recruitment criteria influence muscle force estimates

It has recently been pointed out that muscle decomposition influence muscle force estimates in musculoskeletal simulations. We show analytically and with numerical simulations that this influence depends on the recruitment criteria. Moreover, we also show that the proper choices of force normalization factors may overcome the issue. Such factors for the minmax and the polynomial criteria are presented.     

Estimating the value of energy saving in industry by different cost allocation methods

In complicated systems, such as a highly integrated industrial plant with its own energy production, estimating the value of energy conservation is not so straightforward. Often, heat is priced using different kinds of methods for allocating the fuel cost to heat and electricity. However, there is no consistent way to valuate the process steam in industry, and not just one useful method for allocating costs to heat and power. In this paper, the energy method, exergy method, benefit distribution method and market‐based method are evaluated and compared from different decision‐making perspectives. The results of this study indicate that the allocation methods may overestimate by up to 200–300% the benefits from the mill perspective compared to the benefits from the mill site perspective. So, the most suitable method may vary, depending on the selected system boundary, i.e. the decision‐making perspective, the type of CHP plant and energy prices. Based on the results of this study, the exergy method fits well with the CCGT plant with a condensing unit and constant fuel input. On the other hand, the market‐based method is the most correct way to estimate the value of heat when heat conservation reduces the production of CHP electricity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Atomistic modelling of the Fe-Cr-C system

For the purpose of modelling the impact of carbon on radiation damage phenomena in steels, we have performed an extensive set of first principle calculations on the Fe-Cr-C system. The calculated solution and diffusion enthalpies of carbon in iron and in chromium agree well with experimental data, as do the relative formation energies of mono-carbides, cementite, Hägg and M₂₃C₆ carbides. Our data further indicate that interstitial carbon is attracted to a solute iron atom in bcc chromium, while the reaction between carbon and a solute chromium atom in bcc iron is repulsive. An empirical potential fitted to data for iron carbides is capable of reproducing melting behaviour of cementite, while the predicted interaction with point defects agrees less well with DFT data than a potential recently published by Hepburn and Ackland.     

l-Cystathionine Inhibits the Mitochondria-Mediated Macrophage Apoptosis Induced by Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein

This study was designed to investigate the regulatory role of l-cystathionine in human macrophage apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and its possible mechanisms. THP-1 cells were induced with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and differentiated into macrophages. Macrophages were incubated with ox-LDL after pretreatment with l-cystathionine. Superoxide anion, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening were examined. Caspase-9 activities and expression of cleaved caspase-3 were measured. The results showed that compared with control group, ox-LDL treatment significantly promoted superoxide anion generation, release of cytochrome c (cytc) from mitochondrion into cytoplasm, caspase-9 activities, cleavage of caspase-3, and cell apoptosis, in addition to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential as well as increased MPTP opening. However, 0.3 and 1.0 mmol/L l-cystathionine significantly reduced superoxide anion generation, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and markedly decreased MPTP opening in ox-LDL + l-cystathionine macrophages. Moreover, compared to ox-LDL treated-cells, release of cytc from mitochondrion into cytoplasm, caspase-9 activities, cleavage of caspase-3, and apoptosis levels in l-cystathionine pretreated cells were profoundly attenuated. Taken together, our results suggested that l-cystathionine could antagonize mitochondria-mediated human macrophage apoptosis induced by ox-LDL via inhibition of cytc release and caspase activation.     

Local government web sites in Finland: A geographic and webometric analysis

It has been shown that information collected from and about links between web pages and web sites can reflect real world phenomena and relationships between the organizations they represent. Yet, government linking has not been extensively studied from a webometric point of view. The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge of governmental interlinking and to shed some light on the possible real world phenomena it may indicate. We show that interlinking between local government bodies in Finland follows a strong geographic, or rather a geopolitical pattern and that governmental interlinking is mostly motivated by official cooperation that geographic adjacency has made possible.     

Active centers, catalytic behavior, symbiosis and redox properties of MoV(Nb,Ta)TeO ammoxidation catalysts

Selective as well as waste forming active centers were defined for MoVNbTeO and MoVTaTeO catalysts in the ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile and all catalytic functionalities were assigned to specific elements at the respective active centers. Symbiosis between M1 and M2 phases of these catalysts was observed, with phase cooperation being more extensive in the Nb than Ta containing compositions. The difference in catalytic effectiveness arises most likely because contact and surface area exposure of the two respective, cooperating phase pairs are not equal. The M1 phase of the catalysts is reducible by propane and ammonia in the absence of dioxygen and is regenerable to its original, fully oxidized state by dioxygen (air). No structural collapse is observed even after 120 C₃H₈ + NH₃ reduction pulses. The so induced reduction of the catalyst extends up to 70 layers deep. The product distribution over the first few pulses is very similar to that under catalytic conditions, supporting the concept that lattice oxygen is involved in the catalytic ammoxidation process. Therefore, the ammoxidation of paraffins is a redox process, as is of course the well-known olefin ammoxidation process.     

Analysis of the motion of a flat jet in a direct strip casting feeding system

The motion and shape of a vertically falling flat rectangular jet of liquid metal issuing from an inclined plane is analysed numerically and analytically. The jet is affected by surface tension and gravity. The main interest in this problem originates from the technological application of the direct strip casting process, which is a novel process to cast steel strips in a thickness range from 2 to 15 mm with a minimum or no hot-rolling. In this process the liquid metal is fed onto a single endless horizontal belt that runs between two rollers. The bottom of the belt is cooled by water. One of the techniques to feed the liquid metal is down an inclined plane. Due to disturbances in the flow, for instance slag in the liquid metal, the jet issuing from the inclined plane may split into two or several jets. The large convergence of the individual jets causes an unfavourable non uniform distribution of the liquid metal over the belt. In the analysis of the present paper it is shown, using an expansion in the inverse Froude number, that the convergence of a single jet depends to zero order on the inverse square root of the Weber number We^?1/2 = (γl(ρw₀² h₀))^1/2. Small convergence of the jet is found for large Weber numbers, which can be accomplished with a large initial velocity w₀.     

Synthesis of mono- and diglycerides in water-in-oil microemulsions

Enzyme-catalyzed esterification was carried out in single-phase, oil-continuous microemulsions. The lipozyme was solubilized, along with glycerol and water, in the aqueous core of water/diethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate/hydrocarbon microemulsion system. Upon addition of fatty acid, mono- and diglycerides were formed, due to the esterification reaction taking place at the interface of the droplets in the microemulsion. The initial rate of conversion of oleic acid increases with oil chainlength of the continuous phase whereas final conversion is maximum for hexane. The conversion of stearic acid is 30% whereas conversion of oleic acid is 70%. The percent conversion of various fatty acids in the same continuous medium increases with fatty acid chainlength. The oleic acid/glycerol ratio is an important parameter for optimum conversion of oleic acid into glycerides. The yield can be increased by subsequent addition of glycerol after equilibrium is reached. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of samples from microemulsions shows the presence of mono- and diglycerides. Possible mechanisms for the abovementioned effects are discussed.