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61.
Huge areas of work are still done manually and require the usages of different powered and non-powered hand tools. In order to increase the user performance, satisfaction, and lower the risk of acute and cumulative trauma disorders, several researchers have investigated the sizes and shapes of tool-handles. However, only a few authors have investigated tool-handles' materials for further optimising them. Therefore, as presented in this paper, we have utilised a finite-element method for simulating human fingertip whilst grasping tool-handles. We modelled and simulated steel and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber as homogeneous tool-handle materials and two composites consisting of EPDM rubber and EPDM foam, and also EPDM rubber and PU foam. The simulated finger force was set to obtain characteristic contact pressures of 20 kPa, 40 kPa, 80 kPa, and 100 kPa. Numerical tests have shown that EPDM rubber lowers the contact pressure just slightly. On the other hand, both composites showed significant reduction in contact pressure that could lower the risks of acute and cumulative trauma disorders which are pressure-dependent. Based on the results, it is also evident that a composite containing PU foam with a more evident and flat plateau deformed less at lower strain rates and deformed more when the plateau was reached, in comparison to the composite with EPDM foam. It was shown that hyper-elastic foam materials, which take into account the non-linear behaviour of fingertip soft tissue, can lower the contact pressure whilst maintaining low deformation rate of the tool-handle material for maintaining sufficient rate of stability of the hand tool in the hands. Lower contact pressure also lowers the risk of acute and cumulative trauma disorders, and increases comfort whilst maintaining performance. 相似文献
62.
Martti Heinonen Miltiadis Anagnostou Stephanie Bell Mark Stevens Robert Benyon Reidun Anita Bergerud Jovan Bojkovski Rien Bosma Jan Nielsen Norbert B?se Plunkett Cromwell Aliye Kartal Dogan Seda Aytekin Ali Uytun Vito Fernicola Krzysztof Flakiewicz Bertrand Blanquart Domen Hudoklin Per Jacobson Anders Kentved Isabel Lóio George Mamontov Alexandra Masarykova Helmut Mitter Regina Mnguni Jan Otych Anton Steiner Nagyné Szilágyi Zsófia Davor Zvizdic 《International Journal of Thermophysics》2012,33(8-9):1422-1437
In the field of humidity quantities, the first CIPM key comparison, CCT-K6 is at its end. The corresponding European regional key comparison, EUROMET.T-K6, was completed in early 2008, about 4?years after the starting initial measurements in the project. In total, 24 NMIs from different countries took part in the comparison. This number includes 22 EURAMET countries, and Russia and South Africa. The comparison covered the dew-point temperature range from ?50?°C to +20?°C. It was carried out in three parallel loops, each with two chilled mirror hygrometers as transfer standards in each loop. The comparison scheme was designed to ensure high quality results with evenly spread workload for the participants. It is shown that the standard uncertainty due to the long-term instability was smaller than 0.008?°C in all loops. The standard uncertainties due to links between the loops were found to be smaller than 0.025?°C at ?50?°C and 0.010?°C elsewhere. Conclusions on the equivalence of the dew-point temperature standards are drawn on the basis of calculated bilateral degrees of equivalence and deviations from the EURAMET comparison reference values (ERV). Taking into account 16 different primary dew-point realizations and 8 secondary realizations, the results demonstrate the equivalence of a large number of laboratories at an uncertainty level that is better than achieved in other multilateral comparisons so far in the humidity field. 相似文献
63.
Beatriz Gutiérrez‐Rivera Krzysztof Waliszewski‐Kubiak Octavio Carvajal‐Zarrabal Maria Guadalupe Aguilar‐Uscanga 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2012,87(2):263-270
BACKGROUND: Efficient conversion of glucose/xylose mixtures from lignocellulose is necessary for commercially viable ethanol production. Oxygen and carbon sources are of paramount importance for ethanol yield. The aim of this work was to evaluate different glucose/xylose mixtures for ethanol production using S. cerevisiae ITV‐01 (wild type yeast) and P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124 and the effect of supplying oxygen in separate and co‐culture processes. RESULTS: The complete conversion of a glucose/xylose mixture (75/30 g L?1) was obtained using P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124 under aerobic conditions (0.6 vvm), the highest yield production being Yp/s = 0.46 g g?1, volumetric ethanol productivity Qpmax = 0.24 g L?1 h?1 and maximum ethanol concentration Pmax = 34.5 g L?1. In the co‐culture process and under aerobic conditions, incomplete conversion of glucose/xylose mixture was observed (20.4% residual xylose), with a maximum ethanol production of 30.3 g L?1, ethanol yield of 0.4 g g?1 and Qpmax = 1.26 g L?1 h?1. CONCLUSIONS: The oxygen present in the glucose/xylose mixture promotes complete sugar consumption by P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124 resulting in ethanol production. However, in co‐culture with S. cerevisiae ITV‐01 under aerobic conditions, incomplete fermentation occurs that could be caused by oxygen limitation and ethanol inhibition by P. stipitis NRRL Y‐7124; nevertheless the volumetric ethanol productivity increases fivefold compared with separate culture. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
64.
Tomasz Pdzinski Katarzyna Grzyb Konrad Skotnicki Piotr Filipiak Krzysztof Bobrowski Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu Bronislaw Marciniak 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(9)
Within the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cellular metabolisms, hydroxyl radicals (HO•) play an important role, being the most aggressive towards biomolecules. The reactions of HO• with methionine residues (Met) in peptides and proteins have been intensively studied, but some fundamental aspects remain unsolved. In the present study we examined the biomimetic model made of Ac-Met-OMe, as the simplest model peptide backbone, and of HO• generated by ionizing radiation in aqueous solutions under anoxic conditions. We performed the identification and quantification of transient species by pulse radiolysis and of final products by LC-MS and high-resolution MS/MS after γ-radiolysis. By parallel photochemical experiments, using 3-carboxybenzophenone (CB) triplet with the model peptide, we compared the outcomes in terms of short-lived intermediates and stable product identification. The result is a detailed mechanistic scheme of Met oxidation by HO•, and by CB triplets allowed for assigning transient species to the pathways of products formation. 相似文献
65.
66.
Sónia Simões Filomena Viana Mustafa Koçak A. Sofia Ramos M. Teresa Vieira Manuel F. Vieira 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2012,21(5):678-682
In this article, the characterization of the interfacial structure of diffusion bonding a TiAl alloy is presented. The joining
surfaces were modified by Ni/Al reactive multilayer deposition as an alternative approach to conventional diffusion bonding.
TiAl substrates were coated with alternated Ni and Al nanolayers. The nanolayers were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering
with 14 nm of period (bilayer thickness). Joining experiments were performed at 900 °C for 30 and 60 min with a pressure of
5 MPa. Cross sections of the joints were prepared for characterization of their interfaces by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), high resolution TEM (HRTEM),
energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Several intermetallic compounds form
at the interface, assuring the bonding of the TiAl. The interface can be divided into three distinct zones: zone 1 exhibits
elongated nanograins, very small equiaxed grains are observed in zone 2, while zone 3 has larger equiaxed grains. EBSD analysis
reveals that zone 1 corresponds to the intermetallic Al2NiTi and AlNiTi, and zones 2 and 3 to NiAl. 相似文献
67.
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz Leszek A. DobrzanskiGrzegorz Kokot Pawel Ostachowski 《Vacuum》2012,86(12):2082-2088
The paper presents the research results on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation methods on the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel substrates as well as the possibility to employ the finite element method for evaluation of stresses in the investigated coatings. The tests were carried out on CrAlSiN and CrN coatings. The coatings demonstrated a dense cross-sectional morphology as well as good adhesion to the substrate. The critical load LC2 lies within the range 54-55 N, depending on the coating type. The investigated coatings have the potential to increase the service life of an extrusion die by orders of magnitude as compared with uncoated steel. 相似文献
68.
69.
Pande R Xie L Zagozdzon-Wosik W Nesteruk K Wosik J 《Applied physics letters》2012,100(6):63701-637014
We report on investigations of nonlinear radiofrequency responses of electrolytes with Na(+) and Cl(-) ions placed within gold electrodes of a capacitor. The sample was part of a frequency-adjustable inductance-capacitance-resistance (LCR) parallel resonant circuit, and measurements were carried out using the two frequencies intermodulation distortion technique. We employed double layer model to analyze the observed nonlinearities and their dependence on ionic concentration. Electrode-electrolyte interface polarization was found to be a predominant cause of this intrinsic nonlinearity and to be dependent on electrolytic ion concentration. We also measured and calculated coefficients of resistive and capacitive components of the observed nonlinearity. 相似文献
70.