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11.
12.
Lei Liu Ying Kong Hong Xu Jin P. Li Jin X. Dong Zhi Lin 《Microporous and mesoporous materials》2008,115(3):624-628
A three-dimensional zinc phosphate compound with DFT topology, designated as ZnPO4-EU1, has been synthesized by an ionothermal approach from the system HF-ZnO–P2O5-choline chloride-imidazolidone. Ethylenediamine, derived from decomposition of the imidazolidone component of the deep-eutectic solvent (DES) itself, is delivered to the synthesis and serves as an appropriate template for ZnPO4-EU1. Experiments in which the synthesis conditions were varied showed that ZnPO4-EU1 may be prepared over a wide molar ratio of P/Zn = 0.55–13.0. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained at intervals to track the crystallization process of this material. The experimental data show that Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O (a dense phase) was first isolated from the DES after reaction for 1 h. Subsequently, the pure phase of ZnPO4-EU1 was obtained with increasing crystallization time from 12 h to 72 h. The experimental results show that the nucleation and crystallization take place with relatively low levels of solvent degradation, demonstrating that zinc phosphate with a three-dimensional framework can be synthesized by in situ generation of an appropriate template using an unstable DES at high temperatures (150–200 °C). 相似文献
13.
Chun Yang Yin Sharifah Aishah Syed Abdul KadirYing Pei Lim Sharifah Nawirah Syed-AriffinZurinawati Zamzuri 《Fuel Processing Technology》2008
Ash derived from combustion of Malaysian oil palm biomass (empty fruit bunches consisting of fibers) was physically and chemically characterized in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of its specific properties in terms of toxicity, compositions and reusability. Principal analyses conducted include particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, elemental dispersive X-ray, elemental analysis, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) as well as thermogravimetric, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier-transform infrared analyses. TCLP result indicated that the oil palm ash (OPA) should not be classified as toxic wastes in terms of heavy metal leachability since leachable copper, cadmium, lead and nickel concentrations were detected below the stipulated leachability limits. It was determined that the OPA contained high amount of potassium as well as presence of silica which implied its suitability to be reused as crude fertilizer or cement replacement material. 相似文献
14.
Rajoo R. Lim S.S. Wong E.H. Hnin W.Y. Seah S.K.W. Tay A.A.O. Iyer M. Tummala R.R. 《Advanced Packaging, IEEE Transactions on》2008,31(2):377-385
A wafer level packaging technique has been developed with an inherent advantage of good solder joint co-planarity suitable for wafer level testing. A suitable weak metallization scheme has also been established for the detachment process. During the fabrication process, the compliancy of the solder joint is enhanced through stretching to achieve a small shape factor. Thermal cycling reliability of these hourglass-shaped, stretch solder interconnections has been found to be considerably better than that of the conventional spherical-shaped solder bumps. 相似文献
15.
Yanqing Ji Hao Ying John Yen Shizhuo Zhu Daniel C. Barth‐Jones Richard E. Miller R. Michael Massanari 《国际智能系统杂志》2007,22(8):827-845
Discovering unknown adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in postmarketing surveillance as early as possible is highly desirable. Nevertheless, current postmarketing surveillance methods largely rely on spontaneous reports that suffer from serious underreporting, latency, and inconsistent reporting. Thus these methods are not ideal for rapidly identifying rare ADRs. The multiagent systems paradigm is an emerging and effective approach to tackling distributed problems, especially when data sources and knowledge are geographically located in different places and coordination and collaboration are necessary for decision making. In this article, we propose an active, multiagent framework for early detection of ADRs by utilizing electronic patient data distributed across many different sources and locations. In this framework, intelligent agents assist a team of experts based on the well‐known human decision‐making model called Recognition‐Primed Decision (RPD). We generalize the RPD model to a fuzzy RPD model and utilize fuzzy logic technology to not only represent, interpret, and compute imprecise and subjective cues that are commonly encountered in the ADR problem but also to retrieve prior experiences by evaluating the extent of matching between the current situation and a past experience. We describe our preliminary multiagent system design and illustrate its potential benefits for assisting expert teams in early detection of previously unknown ADRs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 827–845, 2007. 相似文献
16.
L. K. Seah
J. Rhodes
B. S. Lim
《Thin》1993,16(1-4):145-177Turning the free edge of an unstiffened flange inwards or outwards to form a ‘lip’, can substantially improve the local buckling resistance of a member. The lip is the most common type of edge stiffener used in cold-rolled, thin-walled sections. In this paper the behaviour of plate elements of thin-walled sections stiffened by compound lips (i.e. lips which are folded twice to form ‘lips on the lips’) is examined both theoretically and experimentally. An outline of a series of tests on compound edge-stiffened thin-walled sections of various geometries is given and some load-end compression displacement paths are compared with the theoretical predictions. Reasonably good agreement is obtained between the experimental and theoretical results. Comparisons of the theoretical predictions with experimental results of other researchers are also presented in this paper. 相似文献
17.
Material structure for attaining pure Poisson-shearing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Teik-Cheng Lim 《Journal of Materials Science Letters》2002,21(20):1595-1597
18.
In recent years, the Asia-Pacific region has experienced several financial setbacks, including speculative attacks in 1998 and the SARS outbreak in 2003. Financial stresses of this nature are unanticipated, and not all of the dangers can be predicted by the examination of market information and macroeconomic indicators. The Early Warning System (EWS) that has been adopted by the International Monetary Fund may not be able to predict future financial crises for all possible scenarios, because shocks come in many different forms. To supplement the EWS, this paper proposes a data mining framework to measure the resilience of an economy. The resilience framework does not predict a crisis, but rather assesses the current state of health of an economy and its ability to withstand a financial shock should one occur. The framework is based on a feedback system consisting of two stages. The first stage assigns a resilience score to each economy based on a fuzzy logic scoring scheme that is built on the ambiguous reasoning of experts. The second stage uses the classification tree approach to estimate thresholds for each economic indicator, and examines the quality of the fuzzy score. The result from the second stage is then passed back to the first stage as feedback. The final result is obtained when the feedback system reaches its equilibrium state. The proposed resilience framework is applied to the external-sector and the public-sector economies of several countries to illustrate its applicability. 相似文献
19.
The intent of this paper is to design a high-frequency transformer that is to be incorporated into the DC/DC pulsewidth-modulated switch-mode power supplies by two different technical approaches: a conventional wound-coil magnetic using copper wires, and a planar magnetic with layered copper tracks on laminated printed circuit board. Comparisons will be made between the two approaches in terms of profile: mounting height and surface area, and performance: power losses and efficiency. Other indicators like temperature rise and leakage inductance that causes electromagnetic interference, and cost, materials, and process fluency are also to be looked into. A sandwiched configuration for primary and secondary windings is proposed for the planar type. Issues arising and typical phenomena encountered will be discussed in detail. Primarily, the dominating factor in performance, cost effectiveness, or circuit compactness that restrains the choice of a particular type is to be evaluated. 相似文献
20.