边走边吃 墨西哥城玉米饼烘焙坊

<正>设计师说,玉米饼烘焙坊(El Expendio de Maíz)的故事缘于三五好友的一次公路旅行。那次,他们决定离开墨西哥城几天,离开在首都的时髦都市生活,去那些乡村僻野,那些没什么旅游者的地方,那些简朴的村庄里,享受简单的食物,体验真实而简单的墨西哥生活,就那么看着人们的日常生活。在墨西哥驱车旅行时,连续行驶七八个小时是很常见的事情。就是说,在某个     

Photohistorica gottingensis. Part Two: Daguerreotypy in Göttingen — Philipp Petri (1800–1887)

Abstract

After over 140 years it is difficult to form a complete picture of the early years of photography in Gi:ittingen. Around 1840 there existed neither a regularly appearing daily newspaper in this small university town, nor city directories which might have served as sources of information today. The first printed announcement about Göttingen photographers is found in a guide-book of 1854, which mentions ‘daguerreotypes furnished by the painters Petri and Spangenberg’¹. Spangenberg, self-appointed ‘Artist and Photographer’, offered ‘porcelain pictures, as well as the manufacture of photographs at the least expensive prices to all visitors’. Likewise, the lithographic establishment of Hermann Stromfeldt offered ‘Portraits’ and ‘Daguerreotypes’ at reasonable prices, and ‘Gerhard Steuber, Art Supplies and Stationery’, offered ‘Copper Engravings and Lithography’ as well as the ‘Production of Silhouettes of Every Sort’. To all appearances, the artist Spangenberg and the lithographer Stromfeldt dedicated themselves to this new business of photography, so ripe for exploitation, a full decade after Petri, and then worked much more intensely with the newly developed, and more popular, negativepositive process².     

Effect of operating conditions on current density distribution and high frequency resistance in a segmented PEM fuel cell

Understanding losses in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, in the form of ohmic and mass transport, is of great importance to their commercialization. In this study, we use a spatially resolved cell consisting of 49 segments to measure the local current density distribution and high frequency resistance (HFR). A parametric study is used to investigate the effects of cell voltage, inlet relative humidity and flow rate and configuration using a three-channel serpentine flow field. We found that as the cell voltage decreased, the current density increased, while the HFR decreased. However, at a low cell voltage of 200 mV, we found the HFR to be higher than that at 500 mV. This increase is attributed to the increased electro-osmotic drag. This trend is independent of the flow configuration. Further, we found that the effect of the inlet relative humidity on the HFR highly depends on the flow configurations. Finally, a sharp decrease in the current density at some specific bend segments was observed, which correlates with lower OCV values and higher HFR values at this position.     

Performance optimization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using the Nelder-Mead algorithm

The direct-search simplex method for function optimization has been adapted to performance optimization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The established method is strongly application oriented and uses only experimentally determined data for optimization. It is not restricted to discrete parameters optimums and does not require the use of third-party software or computational resources. Hence, it is easy to implement in fuel cell testing stations. The optimization consists of finding, for a given fuel cell load, an optimum set of values of the 7 fuel cell operating parameters: the fuel cell temperature, the reactants' stoichiometric ratios, the reactants' inlet relative humidity, and the reactants' outlet pressures, resulting in the highest fuel cell performance. The performance is measured using a scalar function of the operating parameters and the load and can be defined according to needs.Two PEMFC performance functions: the fuel cell voltage and the system-related fuel cell efficiency were optimized using the procedure for practically sized PEMFC stacks of two designs. With respect to the nominal operating conditions defined as optimal for each stack design by its manufacturer, the gains from the optimization procedure were up to over 12% and up to over 7% for the stack voltage and efficiency, respectively. The validation of the procedure involved 5 stack specimens and four laboratories and consistent results were obtained.     

Interleukin‐4‐Clicked Surfaces Drive M2 Macrophage Polarization

Driving macrophage (M?) polarization into the M2 phenotype provides potential against inflammatory diseases. Interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) promotes polarization into the M2‐M? phenotype, but its systemic use is constrained by dose‐limiting toxicity. Consequently, we developed IL‐4‐decorated surfaces aiming at sustained and localized activity. IL‐4 muteins were generated by genetic code expansion; Lys42 was replaced by unnatural amino acids (uAAs). Both muteins showed cell‐stimulation ability and binding affinity to IL4Rα similar to those of wt‐IL‐4. Copper‐catalyzed (CuAAC) and copper‐free strain‐promoted (SPAAC) 1,3‐dipolar azide–alkyne cycloadditions were used to site‐selectively anchor IL‐4 to agarose surfaces. These surfaces had sustained IL‐4 activity, as demonstrated by TF‐1 cell proliferation and M2, but not M1, polarization of M‐CSF‐generated human M?. The approach provides a blueprint for the engineering of cytokine‐activated surfaces profiled for sustained and spatially controlled activity.     

Universitärer Forschungscluster „Sustainable Technologies in Metal Production and Processing” (STMP)

Foundation of a university research cluster — Co-operation along the value creation chain from raw materials to components — Evidence of joint performance offers — Utilization of synergies — Integration of Christian Doppler Laboratories — Flexible arrangement of co-operations and networks     

Technology Assessment on Renewable Raw Materials: Potentials and Risks of the Use of Starches

Starch as a renewable raw material for chemical/industrial uses has a long tradition. In terms of quantity, starch ranks third behind wood and vegetable oils. In the medium term, this position will be maintained, if not improved. The volume of renewable raw materials used for fuel is even greater and expected to increase in the medium term. By means of a technology assessment on chemical/industrial and energy uses of renewable raw materials, it shall be demonstrated where the specific potentials and risks of starch use can be found. Among others, the following aspects are considered: energy and CO₂ balance sheets, biodegradability and competiveness. Under the headings of „saving of raw materials (degree of self-sufficiency)”︁, „area required (reduction of surpluses)”︁, „employment effects”︁, „contribution to CO₂ reduction”︁ and „need for subsidies”︁, medium-term (up to 2005) potential use of starch in Germany is studied relative to use of renewable raw materials in total.     

CeO2−CoO Phase Diagram

Phase equilibria in the CeO₂−CoO system at temperatures above 1500°C were investigated. The microstructures and the phase compositions of the DTA (differential thermal analysis) samples and the quenched solid pellets were analyzed using SEM (scanning electron microscope), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray), and WDX (wavelength dispersive X-ray). A eutectic reaction was found at 1645 ± 5°C. The eutectic point was calculated to be at 82 ± 1.5 mol% CoO. The eutectic phases were the CeO₂-rich phase (containing <5 mol% CoO) and the CoO-rich phase (containing ∼0.5 mol% CeO₂). At 1580°C, the solubility of CoO in CeO₂ was ∼3 mol%.