Specific gravity of bovine colostrum immunoglobulins as affected by temperature and colostrum components.

The effects of temperature and colostrum components on specific gravity in bovine colostrum were investigated. Thirty-nine first milking colostrum samples were collected from Holstein cows. The samples were assayed for alpha-tocopherol, fat, protein, total solids, and IgG. The concentrations of total solids, total protein, total IgG, and fat in colostrum were 26.6, 12.5, 3.7, and 9.4 g/100 g, respectively. A range of 1.8 to 24.7 micrograms/ml for alpha-tocopherol was measured in the colostrum samples. Specific gravity of the colostrum was measured using a hydrometer in increments of 5 degrees C from 0 to 40 degrees C. Specific gravity explained 76% of the variation in colostral total IgG at a colostrum temperature of 20 degrees C. The regression model was improved only slightly with the addition of protein, fat, and total solids. The model for samples at 20 degrees C was IgG (milligrams per milliliter) = 958 x (specific gravity) - 969. Measurement of specific gravity at variable temperatures necessitated inclusion of temperature in the model for estimation of IgG. Inclusion of the other components of colostrum into the model slightly improved the fit. The regression model for samples at variable temperatures was as follows: IgG (milligrams per milliliter) = 853 x (specific gravity) + .4 x temperature (Celsius degrees) - 866.     

Contributions to the functional analysis of single-trial free recall.

An extensive body of research generated by the now outmoded dual store model has produced a set of functional principles of single-trial free recall. One principle, termed the ratio rule, describes the properties of the recency effect, while several others based upon laws of rehearsal have been advanced to account for the primacy effect. These principles, which may eventually establish the foundation for a more comprehensive theory of list memory, were tested in three experiments. The first two experiments showed that when rehearsal is eliminated (Experiment 1) or equated (Experiment 2), reliable primacy and recency effects are obtained. The third experiment demonstrated that the effectiveness of rehearsal during list presentation declines monotonically as a function of serial position. These results contrast with the prevailing functional account of both primacy and recency effects and suggest several new lines of inquiry into the subject. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some Observations on Yellow Azo Disperse Dyes

An attempt is made to correlate the chemical structures of some simple azo disperse dyes not only with their absorption maxima in solution, but also with their effectiveness when dyed on polyester materials, i.e. with their complete reflectance spectra.     

Oxidation states of four sulfurs of rhodopsin before and after bleaching

The action of n-dipropylacetate (nDPA) is related to the dose. In low doses, nDPA improved the number of conditioned responses with negative reinforcement. In higher doses, the drug inhibited spontaneous and conditioned behaviour. An nDPA produces an increase in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) brain level, results are discussed in relation to the inhibitory action of GABA in the central nervous system.     

Plasma and hepatic alpha-tocopherol in cattle following oral or intramuscular supplementation.

Blood and hepatic tocopherol concentration following i.m. injection or oral supplementation was studied in nonlactating dairy cows and pregnant beef heifers, respectively. In Experiment 1, cows received a single i.m. injection of either 4500 IU of d-alpha-tocopherol or 4500 or 7500 IU of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. Plasma and liver tocopherol concentrations were recorded before and up to 4 wk postinjection. In Experiment 2, heifers received either 0, 1000, 2000, or 4000 IU of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate daily in the ration for 3 wk. Serum and hepatic tocopherol concentrations were measured before, during, and 3 wk following supplementation. In Experiment 1, level of tocopheryl acetate given influenced plasma and hepatic tocopherol concentrations. Plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration was greater in cows given unesterified tocopherol than an equivalent amount of tocopherol acetate. There was a quadratic relationship between plasma and hepatic tocopherol concentration. In Experiment 2, increasing dietary intake of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate failed to increase markedly tocopherol levels in serum or liver. There was no relationship between serum and hepatic tocopherol concentrations. Prior to the trials, serum levels in Experiment 2 were less than plasma levels in Experiment 1, but hepatic levels were greater. Physiological state can influence the relation between circulating and stored reserves of tocopherol, and circulating tocopherol concentration may not be a good indicator of its reserves.     

National-scale implementation of mandatory freshwater farm plans: a mechanism to deliver water quality improvement in productive catchments in New Zealand?

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems - Reducing agriculturally derived diffuse contaminant losses (via non-point sources) from land to water has proven difficult for decades. Owing to the diversity...     

Crystal Plasticity Modeling of Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Related Defects in Initial Yield and Plastic Flow of Single-Crystal Stainless Steel 316L

Understanding of and accounting for various mechanisms that affect inelastic deformation of crystalline metals in the presence of hydrogen remains an unsettled issue. Macroscopic experimental observations contradict limited atomistic simulations, complicating the situation. In this work, we extend a recent physically based crystal viscoplasticity framework to include constitutive equations with a direct dependence on relevant hydrogen and hydrogen-related defect concentrations. Focusing on initial yield and post-yield strain hardening, we consider hydrogen solute drag on mobile dislocations as well as the role of dilute concentrations of hydrogen-vacancy complexes as obstacles to dislocation motion. Furthermore, the evolution of hydrogen and hydrogen-affected defect concentrations is explicitly considered via evolving hydrogen trap concentrations. The resulting framework is used to investigate hydrogen effects on the quasistatic, monotonic, strain-controlled uniaxial loading of single-crystal stainless steel 316L smooth specimens at room temperature in an attempt to connect atomistic insight and the resulting mesoscale model framework with experimental interpretations. Attributing the primary role of hydrogen in this manner is shown to produce good agreement with experiments in the initial yield and post-yield regime. The dominance of various hydrogen effects mechanisms is discussed.

     

Solvent Additives: Key Morphology‐Directing Agents for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells

Organic photovoltaics (OPV) have the advantage of possible fabrication by energy‐efficient and cost‐effective deposition methods, such as solution processing. Solvent additives can provide fine control of the active layer morphology of OPVs by influencing film formation during solution processing. As such, solvent additives form a versatile method of experimental control for improving organic solar cell device performance. This review provides a brief history of solution‐processed bulk heterojunction OPVs and the advent of solvent additives, putting them into context with other methods available for morphology control. It presents the current understanding of how solvent additives impact various mechanisms of phase separation, enabled by recent advances in in situ morphology characterization. Indeed, understanding solvent additives' effects on film formation has allowed them to be applied and combined effectively and synergistically to boost OPV performance. Their success as a morphology control strategy has also prompted the use of solvent additives in related organic semiconductor technologies. Finally, the role of solvent additives in the development of next‐generation OPV active layers is discussed. Despite concerns over their environmental toxicity and role in device instability, solvent additives remain relevant morphological directing agents as research interests evolve toward nonfullerene acceptors, ternary blends, and environmentally sustainable solvents.     

CTNS mutations in an American-based population of cystinosis patients

Nephropathic cystinosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by renal failure at 10 years of age and other systemic complications. The gene for cystinosis, CTNS, has 12 exons. Its 2.6-kb mRNA codes for a 367-amino-acid putative cystine transporter with seven transmembrane domains. Previously reported mutations include a 65-kb "European" deletion involving marker D17S829 and 11 small mutations. Mutation analysis of 108 American-based nephropathic cystinosis patients revealed that 48 patients (44%) were homozygous for the 65-kb deletion, 2 had a smaller major deletion, 11 were homozygous and 3 were heterozygous for 753G-->A (W138X), and 24 had 21 other mutations. In 20 patients (19%), no mutations were found. Of 82 alleles bearing the 65-kb deletion, 38 derived from Germany, 28 from the British Isles, and 4 from Iceland. Eighteen new mutations were identified, including the first reported missense mutations, two in-frame deletions, and mutations in patients of African American, Mexican, and Indian ancestry. CTNS mutations are spread throughout the leader sequence, transmembrane, and nontransmembrane regions. According to a cystinosis clinical severity score, homozygotes for the 65-kb deletion and for W138X have average disease, whereas mutations involving the first amino acids prior to transmembrane domains are associated with mild disease. By northern blot analysis, CTNS was not expressed in patients homozygous for the 65-kb deletion but was expressed in all 15 other patients tested. These data demonstrate the origins of CTNS mutations in America and provide a basis for possible molecular diagnosis in this population.     

2,6-Dichlorophenol in the tickRhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann

Certain olfactory cells of maleRhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann are known to be stimulated by 2,6-dichlorophenol.R. appendiculatus has been reexamined for the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenol, and it has been detected in both male and female adults. Unfed females contain 12 ng/ tick, declining to 2 ng/tick after six days of feeding, while unfed males contain 2 ng/tick, falling to 0 after feeding. Larval tick extracts which are also known to stimulate 2,6-dichlorophenol-sensitive cells were examined and found to contain this phenol, whereasR. appendiculatus eggs did not contain this compound.