华北平原地下水资源承载力评价

华北平原地下水严重超采,并带来一系列资源环境问题,地下水资源承载力的可持续性面临严重挑战。本研究定义了地下水资源承载力的概念,提出了一种定量评价地下水承载力的新方法,并对华北平原地下水承载力进行了评价。结果表明,华北平原地区地下水资源支撑的GDP从2003年的15 608.18亿元迅速提高到2011年的37 584.9亿元,33.3%的地市位于未超采未超载区;华北平原整体及57.2%的地市均位于超采未超载区,已发生地下水超采,但通过提高用水效率,未来社会经济规模仍有发展空间;9.5%的地市位于超采超载区。最后探讨地下水资源的承载力的提高途径,主要包括增加地下水资源可利用量和提高用水效率两方面,其中提高用水效率效果更显著。     

Study of miscibility,crystallization, mechanical properties,and thermal stability of blends of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate)

Natural amorphous polymer poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB4HB) containing 41 mol % of 4HB was blended with poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with an aim to improve the properties of PHB. The influence of P3HB4HB contents on thermal and mechanical properties of the blends was evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, stress–strain measurement and thermo gravimetric analyzer. Miscibility of PHB/P3HB4HB blends was mainly decided by the contents of P3HB4HB. When P3HB4HB exceeded 50 wt %, the two polymer phases separated and showed immiscibility. The addition of P3HB4HB did not alter the crystallinity of PHB, yet it diluted the PHB crystalline phase as revealed by DSC studies. DSC and FTIR results showed that the overall crystallinity of the blends decreased remarkably with increasing of P3HB4HB contents. Decreased glass transition temperature and crystallinity imparted desired flexibility for the blends. The ductility of the blends increased progressively with increasing of P3HB4HB content. Thus, the PHB mechanical properties can be modulated by changing the blend composition. P3HB4HB did not significantly improve the thermal stability of PHB, yet it is possible to melt process PHB without much molecular weights loss via blending it with suitable amounts of P3HB4HB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

测定陶瓷材料阻力曲线的包络线法的改进

本文通过对压痕弯曲梁的压痕载荷和断裂强度关系的理论分析和推导,介绍了一种确定切点(即K曲线和R曲线的交点)的方法,这些切点的轨迹组成了R曲线,并通过实验对这种方法进行了验证。结果发现这种改进的包络线法与常规的包络线法所测得的阻力曲线相吻合。这种方法完善了常规的K曲线切点包络线法,更为重要的是它揭示了压痕弯曲梁的压痕载荷和断裂强度关系的物理内涵。     

ZnO微／纳米纤维的静电纺丝及其表征

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为络合剂与醋酸锌[Zn(CH3COO)2]反应制得前驱体溶液,用静电纺丝法制备了PVP／Zn(CH3COO)2纤维,经煅烧得到具有微孔结构的氧化锌(ZnO)微／纳米纤维。对所制备纤维分别采用差热-热重分析、红外光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜等手段进行了表征。结果表明: PVP/Zn(CH3COO)纤维表面光滑,直径约300-700 nm,经700℃煅烧后,可得到ZnO微／纳米纤维。     

涤纶切片的结晶性能及其对POY结构均匀性的影响

采用ＤＳＣ等方法研究了几种涤纶切片的等速降温结晶性能，提出了用熔融结晶峰的半高宽／峰高的比值、过冷度和结晶度来定量表征的方法，并结合纺丝过程讨论了其对ＰＯＹ成形时结构均匀性的影响。结晶性能差的切片，易得到结构均匀的ＰＯＹ。     

用瞬时法测定液体导热系数

以珠状热敏电阻为加热元件,建立了用瞬时法测定液体导热系数的装置,在25℃下用乙二醇等7个标准样品,对该装置进行了标定,平均偏差为2%.为了核实装置和所得关系式的可靠性,又测定了13个已知导热系数的样品,多数偏差在2%以内,最大偏差为5%.单次测量的精度为0.2%.本文叙述了这一方法的原理,并对实验结果进行了讨论.     

New approach for the preparation of nanoporous polyorganosilicate low‐k films

The distribution of pores and the mechanical properties of materials are the key factors in preparing satisfactory low‐k films. In the present study, a kind of silsesquioxane‐polyethylene glycol (SSQ‐PEG) was synthesized and used as a template to make the distribution of pores more even in the low‐k films. The crosslinking density of films could be adjusted by the sol‐gel of tetramethoxysilane/dimethoxydimethylsilane with various proportions. The porosity of films could also be adjusted with different proportions of pendant PEG chains introduced. A dielectric constant as low as 2.1 had been achieved for nanoporous polyorganosilicate films with good tenacity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1238–1243, 2007     

Effect of the matrix crystallinity on the percolation threshold and dielectric behavior in percolative composites

Through the use of polyethylenes with different crystallinities as matrices, the effects of the matrix crystallinity on the percolation threshold and dielectric behavior of percolative composites have been investigated. The results suggest that the percolation threshold is negatively related to the matrix crystallinity, whereas the enhancement of the dielectric constant is positively related to the matrix crystallinity. A two‐dimensional diagram is proposed to illustrate such relationships. In addition, it has been found that the insulator–conductor transition is much flatter in low‐crystallinity‐matrix‐based composites, and this may be favorable for preparing threshold composites with a high dielectric constant and a low loss tangent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

聚乙二醇酯磷酸锌三元配合物在水中的摩擦性能研究

合成了 3种聚乙二醇酯磷酸锌 (铈 )水溶性润滑添加剂 ,采用红外光谱表征其结构 ,四球摩擦磨损试验机测定其摩擦学性能。结果表明 ,分子中聚乙二醇作为水溶性基团 ,相对分子质量以 1 0 0 0为宜 ,相对分子质量太小 ,聚合物在水中溶解性差 ,影响其润滑性能 ;聚乙二醇的相对分子质量过大 ,导致聚合物在水中的溶解性太好 ,影响其在金属表面的吸附 ,同样影响其润滑性能。作为油性剂作用的疏水基团 ,碳链较长者润滑性能好 ,润滑性能优劣顺序 :C1 7H35>C1 1 H2 3>C7H1 5。金属元素作为活性元素 ,铈的抗磨性能优于锌的抗磨性能。一个分子中同时具有亲水性、疏水性、反应性等几类官能团 ,则兼具油性剂和极压剂功能 ,是性能优良的水溶性润滑添加剂