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131.
Therese Schwarzböck Helmut Rechberger Oliver Cencic Johann Fellner 《?sterreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft》2016,68(9-10):415-427
Since combustible wastes usually consist of biogenic (e.g. paper, wood, food waste) and fossil organic matter (plastics), their thermal recovery results in climate neutral and climate relevant CO2 emissions. Moreover, the fraction of biogenic materials in the waste feed is relevant for the amount of renewable energy produced. The latter has to be reported and might be subsidized according to national laws (e.g. based on European directive 2009/28/EG). The present study represents the first comprehensive evaluation of the share of biogenic and fossil materials in the waste feed of waste-to-energy (WTE) plants on a national basis. The Balance Method, which is patented on a European level by TU Wien, was applied to 10 out of 13 Austrian WTE plants (around 2.3 Mio tons of waste corresponding to around 88 % of the overall waste feed in Austrian WTE plants). The method is based on the mathematical reconciliation of the material properties (e.g. mean chemical composition of biogenic and fossil materials) and routinely recorded operating data of WTE plants (e.g. flue gas volume, CO2 and O2-content in the dry flue gas, steam production). The results demonstrate large variations for the share of energy from biogenic sources in the different WTE plants, ranging from 35.7 ± 2.4 % to 61.2 ± 2.7 % (based on annual averages). Additionally, for several WTE plants large temporal variations can be observed based on monthly mean values. Thus, a plant-specific and continuous evaluation of the waste composition in WTE plants (which the Balance Method allows to do at reasonable efforts) can be recommended for a reliable reporting of the renewable share of energy or fossil CO2 emissions from waste incineration. The energy input which stems from fossil and biogenic sources can be estimated to 11,450 ± 120 TJ and 10,730 ± 110 TJ, respectively for the year 2014 (for the 10 WTE plants). In total 1060 ± 24 kt fossil CO2 emissions from the thermal recovery of waste in Austria’s WTE plants in 2014 could be determined (estimation for all 13 WTE plants). 相似文献
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Franco Van de Velde Daniel R. Güemes María E. Pirovani 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2014,49(2):634-640
Total microbial count reduction (TMR), total anthocyanins (TAR), and ascorbic acid retention (AAR) after the operation at different PAA concentrations (0–100 mg L?1), contact times (10–120 s), and temperatures (4–40°C) were used for multiple optimisation using Derringer′s desirability function. Two optimization scenarios (OP 1 and OP 2) were studied. OP 1 was proposed with the goal to maximize TMR with 90% TAR and AAR; and OP 2 maximizing TAR and AAR with TMR of 2 log UFC g?1. The optimized variable levels obtained were the following: 100 mg L?1 PAA, 24 °C and 50 s for OP 1 and 20 mg L?1 PAA, 18 °C and 52 s for OP 2. Additional validation experiments showed agreement between predicted and experimental results. OP 2 conditions are recommended to fresh‐cut strawberries washing disinfection because of an acceptable TMR, higher TAR and AAR, better sensory attributes, and the economic convenience of lesser PAA consumption. 相似文献
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Gordon J. Kearley Veronica Gray Daniel P. Riley Oliver Kirstein Ramzi Kutteh Erich H. Kisi 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2014,97(3):916-922
Observed differences between measured and calculated elastic constants for Ti3SiC2 are investigated using Density Functional Theory and Inelastic Neutron Scattering. The agreement between the calculated lattice dynamics and the dynamics measured by inelastic neutron scattering is considered good except at energies below ~20 meV where discrepancies suggest anharmonic potentials. This suggestion is confirmed by Density Functional Theory—Molecular Dynamics simulation which shows multiple site occupancy of the Si atoms within the basal plane at finite temperature and produces a calculated inelastic spectrum in better agreement with the measured spectrum in the low‐energy region. The highly anharmonic potential energy surface of the Si atoms offers an explanation for the failure of elastic constants, calculated based on the harmonic approximation, to agree with initial experimental measurements. 相似文献
136.
Noise covariance matrices in state‐space models: A survey and comparison of estimation methods—Part I
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Jindřich Duník Ondřej Straka Oliver Kost Jindřich Havlík 《International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing》2017,31(11):1505-1543
This paper deals with the estimation of the noise covariance matrices of systems described by state‐space models. Stress is laid on the systematic survey and classification of both the recursive and batch processing methods proposed in the literature with a special focus on the correlation methods. Besides the correlation methods, representatives of other groups are introduced also with respect to their basic idea, estimate properties, assumptions and possible extensions, and user‐defined parameters. Common and dual properties of the methods are highlighted, and a simulation comparison using exemplary MATLAB implementations of the methods is provided. 相似文献
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139.
Long‐term expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells in a microcarrier‐based dynamic system
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140.
Mariano Cabezas Arnau Oliver Eloy Roura Jordi Freixenet Joan C. Vilanova Lluís Ramió-Torrentà Àlex Rovira Xavier Lladó 《Computer methods and programs in biomedicine》2014
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used to detect and segment multiple sclerosis lesions due to the detailed and rich information provided. We present a modified expectation-maximisation algorithm to segment brain tissues (white matter, grey matter, and cerebro-spinal fluid) as well as a partial volume class containing fluid and grey matter. This algorithm provides an initial segmentation in which lesions are not separated from tissue, thus a second step is needed to find them. This second step involves the thresholding of the FLAIR image, followed by a regionwise refinement to discard false detections. To evaluate the proposal, we used a database with 45 cases comprising 1.5T imaging data from three different hospitals with different scanner machines and with a variable lesion load per case. The results for our database point out to a higher accuracy when compared to two of the best state-of-the-art approaches. 相似文献