EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON THE POSTHARVEST PHYSIOLOGY OF FIVE BANANA VARIETIES GROWN IN INDIA

ABSTRACT— Gamma irradiation to 20–40 krad inhibits the ripening changes in preclimacteric bananas without affecting the fruit quality. Both fruit maturity at harvest and post-irradiation storage temperature markedly influence the response to irradiation. The optimum dose and the maximum tolerable dose varied among the five varieties screened. Ability of the banana fruit to withstand higher doses of gamma irradiation depends on the physiological status of the fruit at time of irradiation. Irrespective of varietal differences, irradiation of preclimacteric bananas to doses above 50 krad resulted in severe skin discoloration and fruit splitting. Irradiation under anoxia did not markedly reduce the radiation injury, suggesting that factors other than ozone formed during irradiation in air may contribute the radiation damage. Fruits on the climacteric could tolerate up to 200 krad but no effect on ripening rate was observed. Ethylene or 2,4-D could reverse irradiation-induced inhibition of ripening in bananas. Irradiation seems to decrease the sensitivity of banana fruit to the ripening action of exogenously added ethylene.     

SIGNS, SAMPLES, AND CRITERIA.

PROPOSES A NEW EMPHASIS IN THE PREDICTION OF FUTURE JOB BEHAVIOR. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CONSISTENCIES IS SUGGESTED BETWEEN RELEVANT DIMENSIONS OF JOB BEHAVIOR AND PREEMPLOYMENT BEHAVIOR SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM REAL OR SIMULATED SITUATIONS. IF SAMPLES INSTEAD OF SIGNS ARE EMPLOYED, A NUMBER OF PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS ARE ALLEVIATED OR AT LEAST CONFRONTED MORE DIRECTLY. AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT APPEARS TO MAKE THESE GOALS OBTAINABLE. (20 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CONCEPTIONS OF BROAD AND NARROW ATTENTION.

SUCH CONCEPTS ARE USEFUL IN UNDERSTANDING AND INTEGRATING A WIDE VARIETY OF PHENOMENA STUDIED BY EXPERIMENTALISTS AND CLINICIANS. FAILURE TO DISTINGUISH CAREFULLY ENOUGH BETWEEN TYPES OF BROADENING AND NARROWING, HOWEVER, MAY LEAD TO CONTRADICTIONS AND OBSCURITIES. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF NARROW AND BROAD ATTENTION ARE DISCUSSED, CLARIFYING SOME NECESSARY DISTINCTIONS AND BOTH PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Water Re-use in Processing of Pacific Shrimp

A Pacific shrimp (Pandalus jordani) processing plant was instrumented to measure water usage. A water balance was completed which identified fluming as a main user of water and subject to design improvements. Re-use of water in fluming was investigated in pilot plant simulation to evaluate alternatives to fresh flow usage. A counter current flow system was designed to reduce water usage from 264 gpm to 156 gpm with acceptable microbiological quality.     

Increasing Returns and the Genesis of American Resource Abundance

The USA became the world's leading mineral-producing nationbetween 1870 and 1910, a development paralleled by the risingresource-intensity of American manufacturing. This paper challengesthe premise that resource abundance simply reflected the country'sgeological endowment of mineral deposits. Instead, in the centuryfollowing 1850 the USA exploited its natural resource potentialsto a far greater extent than other countries, and did so acrossvirtually the entire range of industrial minerals. The paperargues that ‘natural resource abundance’ was anendogenous, ‘socially constructed’ condition thatwas not geologically preordained. It examines the complex legal,institutional, technological and organizational adaptationsthat shaped the US supply-responses to the expanding domesticand international industrial demands for minerals and mineralproducts. It suggests that strong ‘positive feedbacks’-evenin the exploitation of depletable resources-were responsiblefor the explosive growth of the American minerals economy.     

Phenolics in Aqueous Potato Peel Extract: Extraction, Identification and Degradation

Phenolics were extracted from potato peel waste using water or methanol. Phenolic acids in the extracts were quantified by HPLC. The greatest amounts of phenolic acids resulted when potato homogenate was refluxed with water for 30 min. yielding a total concentration of 48 mg/100g. Four phenolic acids (chlorogenic. gallic, protocatechuic, and caffeic) were characterized as major components. Aqueous extracts were stored 20 days and after 7 days at 25°C exposed to light, chlorogenic acid had degraded to caffeic acid.     

X-Ray Measurement of Strain in Quartz Particles of Whiteware Bodies

Work on internal stresses in whitewares caused by differential thermal expansion of the crystalline and vitreous components is reviewed briefly. Thermoelastic strains in the quartz of four whiteware bodies containing mono-disperse quartz particles 2 to 4, 6 to 9, 20 to 27, and 44 to 54p in diameter, respectively, at concentrations of approximately 20 wt% were measured by X-ray diffraction. A high-temperature technique, involving measurement of dllo, d₁₁₀, d₂₀₁, and d₂₁₁ spacings at 25° and 650° C using Mo Kα, Cu Kα, and Fe Kα radiations, and a room-temperature technique using these radiations plus Cr Kα gave consistent results in agreement with theoretical predictions of the effect of nonuniformity of stress in particles near the sample surface. Strain determinations on powdered samples and changes in line shapes with temperature indicate that the measured strains were due to thermoelastic stress. The measured stresses were 4200 kg/cm² parallel to the quartz c axis and 5700 kg/cm² parallel to the quartz a axis. The stresses in the body containing the largest particle size quartz may be somewhat lower because of the formation of cracks.