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61.
Angela Peterzol Philippe DuvauchelleValérie Kaftandjian Pascal Ponard 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》2011,654(1):450-463
Energy-Dispersive X-ray Diffraction (EDXRD) is well suited for the detection of narcotics and a wide range of explosives. This technique, combined with the dual-energy tomosynthesis, has been used for verification of a novel portable imaging system, the aim of which is characterization of dangerous/illicit materials inside objects. We present the design methodology and optimization study using EDXRD modality. In order to evaluate the experimental conditions best suited for system purposes, kinematic theory of diffraction has been exploited to model the height and shape of diffraction patterns. From the simulation-based analysis a diffraction angle of 2.75°±0.10° and an X-ray tube voltage ≤160 kV have been selected. 相似文献
62.
The aim of this work is to propose a new numerical method for solving the mechanical frictional contact problem in the general case of multi-bodies in a three dimensional space. This method is called adapted augmented Lagrangian method (AALM) and can be used in a multi-physical context (like thermo-electro-mechanical fields problems). This paper presents this new method and its advantages over other classical methods such as penalty method (PM), adapted penalty method (APM) and, augmented Lagrangian method (ALM). In addition, the efficiency and the reliability of the AALM are proved with some academic problems and an industrial thermo-electromechanical problem. 相似文献
63.
Thermal Resonance at the Microscale in AC Scanning Thermal Microscopy with a Thermal-Resistive Probe
Olivier Rapha?l Nathalie Trannoy Philippe Grossel 《International Journal of Thermophysics》2012,33(7):1259-1269
Investigation of the thermal-resistive probe response in an AC scanning thermal microscope (SThM) as a function of the distance probe–material surface under ambient conditions and the current excitation frequency is presented. The analysis of temperature experimental results points out a phenomenon which can be interpreted as a thermal wave resonance. The modeling of the thermal response with the finite element method considering the surrounding medium as a thermally conducting medium tends to confirm this. This phenomenon is independent of the sample nature and is related to the thermal diffusion length of the air medium between the probe and the sample. An equivalent resonance factor is defined: it shows a linear dependence with the characteristic distance for which the thermal resonance phenomenon is an extremum. The system—probe/sample surface—behaves as a resonant cavity at the microscale. This configuration is not specific to a SThM and can occur within electronic devices. 相似文献
64.
Stephanie Burrows Nathalie Auger Philippe Gamache Denis Hamel 《Accident; analysis and prevention》2012
This study investigated the association between individual and area socioeconomic status (SES) and leading causes of unintentional injury mortality in Canadian adults. Using the 1991–2001 Canadian Census Mortality Follow-up Study cohort (N = 2,735,152), Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all-cause unintentional injury, motor vehicle collision (MVC), fall, poisoning, suffocation, fire/burn, and drowning deaths. Results indicated that associations with SES differed by cause of injury, and were generally more pronounced for males. Low education was associated with an elevated risk of mortality from all-cause unintentional injury and MVC (males only) and poisoning and drowning (both sexes). Low income was strongly associated with most causes of injury mortality, particularly fire/burn and poisoning. Having no occupation or low occupational status was associated with higher risks of all-cause injury, fall, poisoning and suffocation (both sexes) and MVC deaths among men. Associations with area deprivation were weak, and only areas with high deprivation had elevated risk of all-cause injury, MVC (males only), poisoning and drowning (both sexes). This study reveals the importance of examining SES differentials by cause of death from a multilevel perspective. Future research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences to implement equity-oriented approaches for reducing differential exposures, vulnerability or consequences of injury mortality. 相似文献
65.
Sandile C. Shongwe Jean-Claude Malela-Majika Philippe Castagliola 《Quality and Reliability Engineering International》2020,36(3):1144-1160
Runs-rules have been widely used since the 1950s in industrial and nonindustrial process monitoring applications to improve the performance of basic and other traditional monitoring schemes. However, none of the studies on runs-rules have accounted for a process with a combined effect of measurement errors and autocorrelation. Hence, in this paper, the use of the w-of-w runs-rules to improve the performance of the Shewhart scheme using an additive model with a constant variance and a first-order autoregressive model is proposed. To reduce the combined negative effect of measurement errors and autocorrelation, we implement a sampling strategy based on rational subgroups in which (a) multiple measurements per item are taken (instead of a standard single measurement) and (b) non-neighboring observations are gathered. Moreover, the latter sampling strategy is incorporated into the values of probability elements of a Markov chain matrix which is used to derive some closed-form expressions for the zero- and steady-state run-length distribution. The main finding of this study is that, with respect to some overall performance measures, the proposed scheme outperforms the existing Shewhart scheme by a significant margin. A real-life example is used to illustrate the practical implementation of the proposed scheme. 相似文献
66.
Grouped data occur frequently in practice, either because of limited resolution of instruments, or because data have been summarized in relatively wide bins. A combination of the composite link model with roughness penalties is proposed to estimate smooth densities from such data in a Bayesian framework. A simulation study is used to evaluate the performances of the strategy in the estimation of a density, of its quantiles and first moments. Two illustrations are presented: the first one involves grouped data of lead concentration in the blood and the second one the number of deaths due to tuberculosis in The Netherlands in wide age classes. 相似文献
67.
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69.
On‐Demand Wrinkling Patterns in Thin Metal Films Generated from Self‐Assembling Liquid Crystals 下载免费PDF全文
Laurens T. de Haan Philippe Leclère Pascal Damman Albertus P. H. J. Schenning Michael G. Debije 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(9):1360-1365
In this work, a new, universal method is described that uses the photopatterning of liquid crystals, which is accurately translated into a controlled, intricately wrinkled metal surface. Remarkably, the patterns have an oscillation in amplitude of the wrinkles. This rapid method allows generation of intricate multidomain patterns and continuous circular structures, including azimuthal, radial, and even higher complexity arrangements as examples. These wrinkled gold surfaces are also strikingly visual, which is interesting for applications ranging from diffractive elements to fine jewelry. 相似文献
70.
Polymerization of β-butyrolactone has been studied in toluene with Al(OiPr)3 as an initiator. The ring-opening polyaddition proceeds through a coordination–insertion mechanism at a very low rate. Well defined α-isopropylester, ω-hydroxy poly(β-butyrolactone)s (PBL) are formed with a narrow molecular weight distribution at low monomer-to-initiator molar ratios, When this ratio is higher (ca. 170), a competition occurs between propagation and side reactions, i.e. elimination, inter- and intra-molecular transesterifications and thermal degradation, which is responsible for a loss of control of the PBL molecular charcteristics. The addition of a Lewis base (1 equivalent of nicotine/Al) to the Al-alkoxide initiator has no significant effect on the polymerization rate, although the chain microstructure is deeply affected since predominantly syndiotactic PBL chains are formed (63% syndio-diads) in contrast to a completely atactic polymer in the absence of nicotine. 相似文献