Women's workload and its impact on their health and nutritional status.

This paper highlights various issues in relation to the workload of women in developing countries and its impact on health and nutritional status. The determining factors in women's workload and work-time and the methods employed for assessment are described. The drawbacks of the methods used and the resulting inconsistencies in the data are reviewed. How women are subjected to different health stresses owing to their productive and reproductive roles has been examined under three categories of work: economic, domestic and agricultural. The interaction of women's workload and health is complex and multifactorial owing to variations in the environment and socio-economic conditions within developing countries. There is a critical need to re-examine the assumptions existing about women's workload in programmes aimed at reducing work-time and workload of women in developing countries.     

Genetic and physical mapping of the WBP1 locus close to CENV.

The WBP1 locus, encoding an essential component of the N-oligosaccharyl transferase, was mapped both genetically and physically. The gene is located on chromosome V between CENV and gcn4. The distance from CENV sequences is 2 kb.     

Dough mixing and breadmaking properties of quinoa-wheat flour blends

Flour blends of quinoa-wheat containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of manually dehulled quinoa meal or flour were evaluated for dough mixing and breadmaking properties and liking of the bread by a small panel. Increasing amounts of quinoa meal or flour increased farinograph absorption and dislike of bread for most of the panel. Dough development time increased with increase in meal but decreased with increase in quinoa flour. At 10% inclusion levels differences in liking from control 100% wheat flour bread were smaller for flour or water extracted meal to most of the panel, than with 10% non-extracted meal. This suggests that 10% inclusion of flour or water extracted meal may have potential for further investigation.     

A polymerizable photoredox initiation system for vinyl photopolymerization

A polymerizable photoredox system consisting of 4-methacryl oxbenzophenone (MABP) and N,N-dimethlaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) used for the photopolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) was studied. It was found that the polymerization rate is proportional to the 0.93th power for the AN concentration, the 0.28th power for the MABP concentration, and the 0.25th power for the DMAEMA concentration. The overall activation energy of the polymerization obtained is 30.43 kJ/mol. The recorded ESR spectrum indicates that the excited-state MABP abstraets hydrogen mainly from the methyl group of the dimethylamino moiety. The comparison of the initiation ability of polymeric MABP or polymeric DMAEMA with their monomeric forms has also been done and the results indicate that in good solvents P (MABP) has a much higher initiation ability than that of monomeric MABP, but monomeric DMAEMA and P (DMAEMA) display almost the same initiation ability. In poor solvent, the initiation ability of P (MABP) is not so obviously higher than that in good solvents. The result of UV analysis of P (AN) initiated by the MABP–DMAEMA system indicates that both MABP and DMAEMA not only initiate the photopolymerization of AN, but also enter into P (AN) polymer chains. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Electrical conductivity in iodine-doped ethyl cellulose

The electrical conductivity of solution-grown ethyl cellulose (EC) films, 5–30 μm thick, has been studied in the sandwich configuration (metal–EC–metal) as a function of iodine concentration from 0.5 to 5.0 wt% ratio. The studies were conducted in the temperature range 333–383 K, while the field was varied over the range (3.0–5.5) × 10⁴V/cm. Aluminium was used as the lower electrode, while the upper electrode was of Al, Ag, Cu, Au or Sn. Certain transient effects such as a large burst of current immediately after the application of field were observed. An attempt was made to identify the nature of the current by comparing the observed dependence on electric field, electrode material and temperature with the respective characteristic features of the existing theories of electrical conduction. The results show that the electrical conduction follows Ohm's law at lower fields, while at higher fields, space-charge limited current (SCLC) was observed. It was also found that Richardson–Schottky emission was responsible, to some extent, for the transport of charge carriers in the polymer. The conductivity of the films increased on doping with iodine. The dopant molecules are considered to act as additional trapping centes and provide links between the polymer molecules in the amorphous region, thus resulting in the formation of charge transfer complexes.     

Maintaining quality lead-free [circuit board inspection]

The change to lead-free solders means that circuit board inspection will become more important than ever. The author investigates differences between lead and lead-free solders.     

Modification of the method of simulation of truncated random variables

A new method for simulation of truncated random variables is described. Several similar methods are considered. It is shown that a substantial reduction in computation time is achieved by utilizing the proposed method.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 12–13, April, 1995.     

Effect of thermal load on heat-transfer coefficient in porous-sublimation cooling

It was shown that, under thermal loads that are sufficiently larger (smaller) than a certain value, the heat transfer coefficient for porous-sublimation cooling increases (decreases) with an increase in the thermal load.Physico-Technical Low Temperatures Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Inzlieneron-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 62, No. 6, pp. 783–785, June, 1992.