Determining the reliability of concrete dams through diagnosis of their bedrock

Power Technology and Engineering -     

Volume effects and associations in liquid alloys

The regular associated solution model for binary systems has been modified by incorporating the size of the complex as an explicit variable. The thermodynamic properties of the liquid alloy and the interactions between theA _μB type of complex and the unassociated atoms in anA-B binary have been evaluated as a function of relative size of the complex using the activity coefficients at infinite dilution and activity data at one other composition in the binary. The computational procedure adopted for determining the concentration of clusters and interaction energies in the associated liquid is similar to that proposed by Lele and Rao. The analysis has been applied to the thermodynamic mixing functions of liquid Al-Ca alloys believed to contain Al₂Ca associates. It is found that the size of the cluster significantly affects the interaction energies between the complex and the unassociated atoms, while the equilibrium constant and enthalpy change for the association reaction exhibit only minor variation, when the equations are fitted to experimental data. The interaction energy between unassociated free atoms remains virtually unaltered as the size of the complex is varied between extreme values. Accurate data on free energy, enthalpy, and volume of mixing at the same temperature on alloy systems with compound forming tendency would permit a rigorous test of the proposed model.     

Intelligent assistance for software development and maintenance

An environment is described, called Professor Marvel, that provides early error checking and answers questions about the program under development. The environment has a certain understanding of the systems being developed and how to use tools to produce software. It aids individual programmers and helps coordinate programming teams. The key components of Marvel are a database that stores data represented as objects, as in object-oriented languages, and a model of the development process that imposes a structure on programming activities. Marvel's support of insight and of opportunistic processing is discussed at length, as is the handling of side effects. A sample session is described     

STRUCTURE REPRESENTATION OF THE SPECIFIC FRACTIONS FROM PINGSHUO COAL

Basic data of four fractions, PM₁, PM₆, PM₇and PM₈, derived from Pingshuo bituminous coal were obtained by ultimate analyses, mean molecular weight measure, GC/MS, ¹³C-NM R, ¹H-NM R and FTIR technigues. A method of calculating the average molecular parameters of the fractions is introduced. Based on the calculated parameters, the molecular structure models of the fractions of PM₆, PM;and PM₈are constructed. Significant structural information about the saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon with heteroatom groups is given also.     

One-step oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid

Liquid-phase oxidation of cyclohexane with Co(III) catalyst and gaseous oxygen was found to be influenced by reaction temperature, catalyst concentration and the duration. Maximum adipic acid product selectivity (77%) with about 85% cyclohexane conversion was attained at 100°C using catalyst: cyclohexane molar ratio 0·08. Under these conditions more than 80% cyclohexane was converted in the first hour, although selectivity to adipic acid continued to increase for the next 5 h. Cyclohexyl acetate and cyclohexyl monoadipate were identified as important intermediates. This study supports the mechanism proposed by Schultz, J. G. D. and Opchenko, A., J. Org. Chem., 38 (21) (1973) 3729.     

Structure formation of hard alloys (Ti,W)C-WC-Co upon interaction with metallic melts of the iron group

Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 6(306), pp. 40–44, June, 1988.     

Purification and renaturation of recombinant human lymphotoxin (tumour necrosis factor beta) expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies

High level expression of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor β (rh TNF-β) in Escherichia coli results in the formation of two portions of protein, namely soluble active protein and insoluble protein which is inactive and aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs). In this study, a procedure for purification and renaturation of rh TNF-β from inclusion bodies has been designed and verified experimentally with a product purity of more than 90% and a recovery of about 30%. The procedure includes washing of IBs with specific wash buffer (Triton X-100/EDTA/lysozyme/PMSF), their solubilization with 8 mol dm^?3 alkaline urea, purification with ion-exchange columns, refolding with renaturation buffer and finally concentration and desalination with an ultrafiltration membrane. The characteristics of the renatured protein were identical with those of purified protein from the soluble fraction as demonstrated by (1) SDS-PAGE, (2) cytotoxic activity on mouse L929 cells, (3) N-terminal amino acid sequence, and (4) gel filtration chromatography.