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101.
Thin film composite sodium alginate membranes for dehydration of acetic acid and isobutanol
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Dehydration of widely used organic solvents such as acetic acid (AA) and isobutanol (IB) is challenging tasks, which form close boiling mixtures with water. Sodium alginate (SA) thin film composite membranes were prepared and crosslinked with 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and glutaraldehyde for dehydration of IB and AA/water mixtures through pervaporation (PV). The crosslinked and uncrosslinked SA composite membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and universal testing machine for intermolecular interactions, crystalline nature, thermal stability, surface morphology, and tensile strength, respectively. At a feed composition of 98 wt % IB and 95 wt % AA aqueous solutions, the TDI crosslinked SA composite membrane exhibited separation factors of 3229 and 708 with reasonable fluxes of 0.021 and 0.012 kg m?2 h?1, respectively. The results obtained in the study for IB and AA systems were compared with other SA membranes reported in the literature. The membranes appeared to have potential for commercial PV ability to dehydrate the solvents up to desirable purity levels (>99%) and feasibility of preparing them in a composite form which would enable scale‐up into modular configurations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014 , 131, 40018. 相似文献
102.
Response surface methodology was used for optimizing the ratio of vegetable oil and carbon black and occluded volume fraction of rubber in the compound. Central composite design for two variables was chosen as the experimental design. The data obtained from measurement of properties was fitted as a two variable second-order equation, and were plotted as contours using software developed from MATLAB v.5.1. From contours it is observed that at the ratio of 0.06 of vegetable oil and carbon black, there is maximum coupling, and a further increment in vegetable oil and carbon black ratio shows less coupling and more plasticizing effect. The ultimate failure properties like tensile and tear strength and elongation decreases with an increase in occluded volume fraction, reaches a minima at the central region, followed by an increase, whereas 300% modulus and hardness decreases throughout.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc, J Appl Polym Sci 82: 997-1005, 2001 相似文献
103.
Steel produced in an electric arc furnace contains a high amount of copper (Cu) that causes a surface-cracking phenomenon
called surface hot shortness. It is known that tin (Sn) can exacerbate the hot shortness problem. A series of iron (Fe)-0.3 wt pct
Cu-x wt pct Sn alloys with an Sn content ranging from 0.03 to 0.15 wt pct was oxidized in air at 1423 K (1150 °C) for 60 seconds,
300 seconds, and 600 seconds using thermogravimetry. A numerical model developed in a previous article was applied to predict
the liquid–γFe interface concentrations and interface morphology in the Fe-Cu-Sn ternary system. Scanning electron microscopy investigations
show that (1) The interface between the oxide and the metal is planar as predicted by the numerical model, (2) Sn leads to
severe Cu-rich liquid penetration and cracking along the grain boundaries, and (3) open cracks with Fe oxides were found beneath
the oxide–metal interface. The focused ion beam serial-sectioning technique was used to reveal a three-dimensional structure
of cracks in the grain boundary containing Cu-rich liquid and Fe oxides. 相似文献
104.
Mullite formation process has been studied in stoichiometric mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) diphasic gel containing large boehmite (1 m) and small silica (10 nm) particles. It has been found that initial mullitization did not take place inside the silica phase (cristobalite), but took place in the defect -alumina phase. -alumina was stabilized by silica when the temperature was below 1350°C. At temperatures above 1350°C, mullite crystallized directly. It was suggested that silica diffused into the pores (<1.8 nm) of -alumina and prevented the collapse of -alumina pore structure. On the other hand, when silica was not present, the pore structure of -alumina collapsed and -alumina crystallized at 1100°C. Porous mullite ceramics were obtained by using special diphasic gels containing large boehmite and small silica particles. 相似文献
105.
Spinodal decomposition of an Al-38 at % Zn alloy in the temperature range 293 to 573 K has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Microstructural evidences for the existence of various stages of spinodal decomposition, namely, the initial, the corsening and the particulate stages have been established. The morphological characteristics and the different diffusion regimes under which these stages are operative are explained. 相似文献
106.
Estimation of viscosities of ternary silicate melts using the excess gibbs energy of mixing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A correlation to predict the viscosities of ternary silicates using the Gibbs energies of mixing of the silicate melts has
been developed. This correlation has been employed to predict the viscosities of liquid slags in the systems FeO-MnO-SiO2, FeO-MgO-SiO2, CaO-FeO-SiO2, CaO-MnO-SiO2, and CaO-MgO-SiO2. The good agreement between the calculated viscosities and the experimental data in the ternary silicate systems has indicated
that this approach can be successfully employed to predict the viscosities of ternary silicate melts. 相似文献
107.
Y. -M. Pan D. S. Dunn G. A. Cragnolino N. Sridhar 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2000,31(4):1163-1173
Alloy 825, a former candidate material for radioactive high-level waste containers, was investigated to assess its thermal
stability and the time-temperature conditions for sensitization. Alloy specimens with a carbon content of 0.01 wt pct in the
mill-annealed (MA) and solution-annealed (SA) conditions were studied after thermal exposure to temperatures ranging from
600 °C to 800 °C for periods of up to 1000 hours. Sensitization was evaluated by using corrosion tests that were correlated
to grainboundary chemistry analyses. Sensitized microstructures were found to contain M23C6-type carbides and a chromium-depleted region in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. Thermal aging at 700 °C for 100 hours
resulted in the highest sensitization. While heat treatment at 640 °C showed a progressive development of sensitization with
time, healing was found to occur after aging at 800 °C for 100 hours. The degree of sensitization, quantified by an equivalent
chromium-depleted-zone size, correlates well with the corrosion rate in the nitric acid test. Thermodynamic models were used
to calculate the interfacial chromium concentration, chromium depletion profile, and the depleted-zone width. Comparisons
between experimental measurements and model calculations indicate that reliable prediction depends on the selection of key
model parameters. 相似文献
108.
Yong-Hong Ye Y.J. HuangW.T. Lu B.D.F. CasseD. Xiao S.P. BennettD. Heiman L. MenonS. Sridhar 《Optical Materials》2011,33(11):1667-1670
We fabricated a series of gold nanowires/alumina composite films with different wire lengths. Optical transmission measurements confirmed that the composite films exhibit transverse and longitudinal surface plasmon resonances. We show that the wavelength of the longitudinal resonance is sensitive to nanowire length, while that of the transverse resonance is not. The experimental results are in agreement with the modeled results based on the Maxwell Garnett effective medium theory. Moreover, the window for negative refraction of the samples can be tuned in synchronism with the longitudinal resonance by the nanowire length. 相似文献
109.
A non-linear form relating vegetation indices (VI) to crop grain yields which normalizes for differences in acquisition date is suggested. It is based on the assumption that deviations in VI near the peak VI follow a quadratic behaviour. This form gave a higher R2 value than a simple VI-yield linear model on a multi-year, multi-location data set of IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A) LISS-I(Linear Imaging Self Scanner-I) derived near-infrared (NIR)/red radiance ratios and wheat grain yields in a study site in Madhya Pradesh (India). As the suggested model includes time of peak as a variable, it allows integration of results from other sources, such as, weather-based crop phenology model or high repetivity spectral data into the VI-yield relation. 相似文献
110.
Takayuki Tsukada Sridhar Venigalla James H. Adair 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1997,80(12):3187-3192
The feasibility of synthesizing crystalline ZrO2 films at low temperatures was evaluated using an electrochemical method. Anodization of zirconium-metal substrates in tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) solutions under constant applied voltage conditions at ∼25° and ∼100°C was investigated. The chemistry and microstructure of the anodic oxide films deposited on the zirconium-metal substrates under the above conditions were characterized using X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that, with sufficiently high applied voltages (in the range of 300 V) at pH ∼9.5, the initial dissolution of the zirconium anode resulted in the local saturation of the electrolyte solution with Zr4+ , forming Zr(OH)− 5 , which deposited electrophoretically on the anode as a thick, gelatinous film at 25°C. Similar treatments at 100°C resulted in an in situ crystallization of Zr(OH)4 gel to monoclinic ZrO2 . 相似文献