Kinetics of cellobiose decomposition under subcritical and supercritical water in continuous flow system

The effects of reaction temperature, pressure and residence time were investigated with a flow apparatus. Cellobiose decomposition kinetics and products in suband supercritical water were examined at temperatures from 320 to 420 °C at pressures from 25 to 40 MPa, and at residence times within 3 sec. Cellobiose was found to decompose via hydrolysis and pyrolysis. The yield of desired hydrolysis product, glucose, was the maximum value of 36.8% at 320 °C, 35 MPa, but the amount of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), fermentation inhibitor increased too because residence time increased in the subcritical region owing to decrease of reaction rate. Meanwhile, though the yield of glucose is low in the supercritical region, the yield of HMF decreased compared with the subcritical region; and at the minimum yield of HMF (380 °C, 25 MPa), the yield of glucose was 21.4%. The decomposition of cellobiose followed first-order kinetics and the activation energy for the decomposition of cellobiose was 51.05 kJ/mol at 40MPa.     

Asymmetric Epoxidation of Styrene on the Heterogenized Chiral Salen Complexes Prepared from Organo-Functionalized Mesoporous Materials

Organosilane-modified mesoporous materials have been prepared under mild and acidic conditions by a solvent evaporation method using C₁₆TMABr surfactant as a template. The mesoporous samples synthesized in ethanol solvent by using this evaporation method showed a fully disordered pore system, but those obtained under hydrothermal conditions had highly ordered pores. The chiral salen Mn(III) complexes were immobilized on these organosilane-functionalized mesoporous silicas by a grafting method. The catalysts used in the asymmetric epoxidation of styrene and cis-stilbene and the effect of different mesoporous structures on the reactivity was investigated. Similar enantioselectivities were observed by using these heterogenized salen complexes as compared with reaction under homogeneous conditions.     

Migration characteristics of some chemical species in a granite fracture according to their chemical properties

Migration experiments were carried out in artificial rock fractures of 50×50 cm scale in order to understand the transport phenomena of contaminants in deep geological environment. The tracers used in this experiments were tritiated water, anion, polymers, and sorbing cations. The experimental study was focused on the interpretation of the retardation and matrix diffusion of the tracer in the fracture. To visualize migration phenomena, an organic dye, eosine, was used as a tracer. The migration plumes were taken with a digital camera as a function of time and stored as a digital image file. Computer simulation was performed not only for the hydraulic behavior such as distributions of pressure and flow vectors in the fracture but also for the migration plume and the elution curves. These simulation results were interpreted by comparing experimental ones, thus providing a way to understand migration behavior of tracers and interaction between rock and chemical species.     

Absorption characteristics of ammonia-water system in the cylindrical tube absorber

Experimental analysis was performed in a cylindrical tube absorber which is considered to be suitable for the bubble mode. Characteristics such as concentration, temperature, and pressure were measured and they reflected the condition of absorber well. The variation of characteristics was conspicuous near the inlet region of the ammonia gas. The ammonia gas and the solution flowed cocurrently and countercurrently and the results were compared. Presented at the Int’l Symp. on Chem. Eng. (Cheju, Feb. 8–10, 2001) dedicated to Prof. H. S. Chun on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

Preparation and Characterization of Sol—Gel-Derived Lead Magnesium Niobium Titanate Thin Films with Pure Perovskite Phase and Lead Oxide Cover Coat

A sol–gel-derived Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.7Ti_0.3O₃ (PMNT) thin film was prepared using spin coating and a PbO cover coat technique. The amount of lead excess in the precursor solution had significant effects on the phase development and microstructure of the PMNT film. The PbO cover coat proved to be effective on suppressing the formation of pyrochlore phases. PMNT thin films with a pure perovskite structure were obtained by adding 30 mol% excess lead in the precursor solution and coating the PbO layer on the top of the film. The remnant polarization ( P _r), the dielectric constant (ɛ_r), and the dissipation factor (tan δ) of these thin films, which had a thickness of 150 nm, were determined to be 9 μC/cm², 1370, and 0.031, respectively.     

Abnormal Grain Growth of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-35 mol% PbTiO3 Ceramics Induced by the Penetration Twin

Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-35 mol% PbTiO₃ (PMN-35PT) specimens with a 5 mol% excess PbO were prepared by excessive heat treatment at 1150°C to induce abnormal grain growth. Through electron backscatter diffraction analysis and the observation of a three-dimensional morphology, the abnormally grown PMN-35PT grains were found to be twinned crystals with penetration characteristics. The morphology of the PMN-35PT twinned crystal was crystallographically analyzed. The abnormal grain growth of PMN-35PT is suggested to be due to preferential growth at the reentrant angles formed by twins.     

Selective hydrogenation of 4-isobutylacetophenone over a sodium-promoted Pd/C catalyst

The effect of sodium promotion on the selective hydrogenation of 4-isobutylacetophenone, 4-IBAP, was investigated over a Pd/C catalyst. A precipitation and deposition method was used to prepare the catalyst, and sodium was promoted on the Pd/C catalyst via post-impregnation while varying the sodium content. The sodium-promoted Pd/C catalyst resulted in a significantly improved yield greater than 96% of the desired product, 1-(4-isobutylphenyl) ethanol (4-IBPE), compared with the non-patented literature results under a mild hydrogenation condition. A detailed hydrogenation network over the Pd/C catalyst was suggested. The reaction mechanism for the yield and selectivity enhancement of 4-IBPE induced-by the promoted Pd/C was elucidated in relation to the geometric and electronic effects of reactant molecules in the microporous support depending on the reaction steps.     

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on electrospun poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) nanofibers

Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofibers were prepared by the electrospinning method and used as polymer electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity of electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofibers with different diameters changed significantly, regardless of the nanofiber thickness. The PVDF-HFP nanofibers prepared from a 15 wt% spinning solution showed high ionic conductivity (1.295 S/cm) and electrolyte uptake (947 %). DSSCs based on the 15 wt% PVDF-HFP nanofiber electrolyte showed an electron transit time of 6.34 × 10^?3 s, electronic recombination time of 5.88 × 10^?2 s, and conversion efficiency of 3.13 %. Thus, we concluded that the electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofibers can be used as polymer electrolytes in flexible DSSCs as well.     

Enhanced transdermal deposition and characterization of quercetin-loaded ethosomes

We sought to evaluate the transdermal permeation potential of quercetin-loaded ethosomes. Quercetinloaded ethosomes were prepared and characterized with regard to particle size, loading efficiency, stability, and in vitro skin permeation. The optimized formulation of ethosomes was confirmed using 2% egg phosphatidylcholine and hydrated 20% ethanol. After quercetin was applied using this formulation, the stability of the ethosomes was determined when loaded with up to 0.04% quercetin. We observed that loading efficiency was improved with increasing concentrations of quercetin. Ethosomes loaded with 0.04% quercetin showed both the greatest loading efficiency (63.9%±6.0%) and an optimal size range (132±32 nm). Ethosomes loaded with quercetin were superior in skin permeation ability (29.5±7.0 μg/cm²) compared to either ethanolic solution or liposomes. Therefore, we concluded that quercetin-loaded ethosomes increased the skin delivery of quercetin. Our results suggest that quercetin-loaded ethosomes may enhance the effect of cosmetic materials.