Comparison of exhaust emissions from Swedish environmental classified diesel fuel (MK1) and European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE) reference fuel: a chemical and biological characterization, with viewpoints on cancer risk

Diesel fuels, classified as environmentally friendly, have been available on the Swedish market since 1991. The Swedish diesel fuel classification is based upon the specification of selected fuel composition and physical properties to reduce potential environmental and health effects from direct human exposure to exhaust. The objective of the present investigation was to compare the most stringent, environmentally classified Swedish diesel fuel (MK1) to the reference diesel fuel used in the "European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies" (EPEFE) program. The study compares measurements of regulated emissions, unregulated emissions, and biological tests from a Volvo truck using these fuels. The regulated emissions from these two fuels (MK1 vs EPEFE) were CO (-2.2%), HC (12%), NOx (-11%), and particulates (-11%). The emissions of aldehydes, alkenes, and carbon dioxide were basically equivalent. The emissions of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 1-nitropyrene were 88% and 98% lower than those of the EPEFE fuel, respectively. The emissions of semi-volatile PAHs and 1-nitropyrene were 77% and 80% lower than those from the EPEFE fuel, respectively. The reduction in mutagenicity of the particle extract varied from -75 to -90%, depending on the tester strain. The reduction of mutagenicity of the semi-volatile extract varied between -40 and -60%. Furthermore, the dioxin receptor binding activity was a factor of 8 times lower in the particle extracts and a factor of 4 times lower in the semi-volatile extract than that of the EPEFE fuel. In conclusion, the MK1 fuel was found to be more environmentally friendly than the EPEFE fuel.     

MILD HYDROCRACKING — A STATE OF THE ART

ABSTRACT

This paper is a brief, but not exhaustive review of the literature of the catalytic mild hydrocracking processes. It includes data characterizing reactivities, reaction network and kinetics of mild hydrocracking reactions. This review is designed for use as a reference for further research and development work in the field of mild hydrocracking.     

Corrosion in Propane Deasphalting Unit in a Lube Producing Refinery: A Case Study

Abstract

Propane deasphalting is a process of recovery of hydrocarbon distillates from vacuum residue by extracting with liquid propane. A plated tower is used to carry out extraction where extract containing the deasphalted oil and raffinate containing the asphalt are separated. Extract and raffinates are then subject to propane recovery sections wherefrom propane is recovered and reused in extraction. Complete recovery of propane from deasphalted oil is carried out by flashing alone, but recovery from asphalt requires heating in a furnace followed by flashing. Severe corrosion has been observed in the propane condensers, coolers, and the overhead lines of the flashers and stripper columns. Studies have indicated that cracking of asphalt at the prevailing operating temperature and pressure, generating hydrogen sulfide, was the sole reason for corrosion. The problem has been minimized by adjusting the temperature and pressure without affecting the propane recovery efficiency.     

On Stability Testing Analysis in Phase Behavior Calculations

Abstract

Stability testing analysis has become, in recent times, an area of major interest in phase equilibrium calculations. With particular concern to reservoir fluid phase behavior modeling, it has become the most important factor in developing robust algorithms and ensuring efficient calculations. We discuss the origin and systematic development of stability testing analysis as a necessary preliminary step in isothermal flash calculations. Its application to multicomponent multiphase reservoir fluids and extension prospects is also highlighted.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR MILD HYDROCRACKING:KINETICS AND PRODUCT YIELDS FROM A CRUDE OIL BLEND IN LIGHT GAS OIL OVER HYDROTREATING CATALYST.

Abstract

Mild hydrocracking of 30% crude oil (Indian Crude oil.North Gujarat base)solution in light gas oil is carried out over a commercial hydrotreating catalyst at a temperature range of 300–450°c and pressure of 6. 8–20.OMpa in laboratory reactor. About 30 to 60% of the long residue (365° c+ cut) in the solution is converted to light distillates.

A mathematical model has been developed to predict the yields of products.     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLID n-PARAFFIN COMPONENTS DERIVED FROM MUKTA CRUDE OIL

ABSTRACT

The total solid paraffins (boiling 270°C+) separated from Mukta crude by urea adduction and its narrow fractions were analysed for their structural composition by proton NMR, infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. It has been observed that CH2/CH3 ratio in these samples varies from 7·9 to 13·8 while their average carbon number ranges from 17 to 29·6. The CH₂/CH₃ ratio and chain length of paraffins increases with increase in boiling range of the fractions.     

Zur Zellwandstruktur von 1600 Jahre altem, wassergesättigtem Eichenholz

---

th century A.D.) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The studies on the cell wall fine structure revealed that in most cells the middle lamella and the innermost secondary wall layer (S3) remained structurally unaltered. On the other hand, the secondary wall layers S1 and S2 became heavily degraded. The characteristic degradation pattern indicates the involvement of bacteria.

     

Phytate Hydrolysis by Phytase in Cereals; Effects on In Vitro Estimation of Iron Availability

Phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) hydrolysis by endogenous and exogenous phytases was studied for their effect on increasing iron availability in cereals. Wheat bran and whole meal flours of rye and oats were soaked at optimal conditions for phytase activity (55°C, pH 5) for different time intervals. Phytate and its degradation products were determined by HPLC and related to iron solubility under simulated physiological conditions. Small amounts of phytate (< lμmol/g) had a strong negative effect on iron solubility. When inositol hexa- and pentaphosphates of wheat bran and rye flour were completely hydrolyzed by activating endogenous phytase, iron solubility under simulated physiological conditions increased from 3 to 53% (wheat) and 5 to 21% (rye). Addition of wheat phytase to uncooked oatmeal increased iron solubility from 4 to 11 and in precooked to 18%, while endogenous phytase of uncooked oatmeal had less effect on phytate digestion and iron solubility.     

Processing Ingredients Affecting Oxidative and Textural Stability of Restructured Beef Roasts

Restructured beef roasts containing 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) and 1% soy protein isolate (SPI); or STP only; or SPI only; or no STP or SPI were cooked at 70 or 100°C to an internal temperature of 65°C, then stored at 4°C for 0 and 3 days. In control roasts, the higher cooking temperature resulted in higher (p ≤ 0.05) TBA values. STP and SPI inhibited oxidation but the effect was not detected sensorially. Significant interactions (p ≤ 0.05) indicated that STP was more effective at higher cooking temperatures and SPI at lower temperatures. Total moisture of the cooked product was significantly greater with STP but no differences in juiciness and tenderness were detected sensorially.     

Photothermovoltaic effect in a pSi-n(Si2)1 − x − y (ZnSe) x (GaP) y (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.88, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.09) structure

The results of creating a variband epitaxial (Si₂)_{1 ? x ? y} (ZnSe) _x (GaP) _y layer and observing the photothermovoltaic effect in a pSi-n(Si₂)_{1 ? x ? y} (ZnSe) _x (GaP) _y (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.88, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.09) heterostructure heated by concentrated solar radiation are detailed. It is shown that the photothermal and thermal voltages in the heterostructure equal 5.8 and 1.2 mV at a temperature of 80°C. The observed relatively high photothermal voltage value is attributed to the possible extrinsic thermophotoelectric effect in the layer of diluted solid solution adjacent to the p-n junction.