Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Salt, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Physical, Sensory, and Instrumental Color Characteristics of Beef Striploins

ABSTRACT:  USDA Select striploins (IMPS 180; n = 24) were cut into thirds (anterior, medial, and posterior) and assigned to 1 of 8 treatments utilizing a randomized incomplete block design. Treatments included (1) control (C); (2) 1.5% conjugated linoleic acid (conjugated linoleic acid = CLA) (CGA); (3) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate (PHO); (4) 0.5% salt (SAL); (5) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.5% salt (SPH); (6) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate, 1.5% CLA (PCL); (7) 0.5% salt, 1.5% CLA (SCL); and (8) 0.4% sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.5% salt, 1.5% CLA (SPC). Treatments were injected with solutions to 110% (10% pump) of their original weight. Treatments with CLA had higher ( P < 0.05) marbling scores than treatments that did not. Not including SAL, treatments with salt, or phosphate or a combination of the two had higher tenderness values when sampled by panelists. Fresh steaks with inclusion of CLA had greater amounts ( P < 0.05) of the CLA isomers than steaks not having CLA. Cooked steaks having CLA also had greater amounts ( P < 0.05) of CLA, except for SCL, which were not different ( P > 0.05) from the non-CLA treatments. Day was a significant source of variability for a *, b *, and saturation index. Treatment × day interactions were significant ( P < 0.05) for hue angle and L * values. These data suggest that inclusion of CLA can increase amounts of CLA isomers without major deleterious effects to instrumental, physical, and quality characteristics of beef striploin steaks.     

Evaluation of lubricant test data

An evaluation procedure is proposed, in which the results from various standard test machines are tabulated and correlated in seven categories. The order of merit of various lubricants can then readily be compared from one machine to another and a quantitative overall assessment made. By allocating selective weighting factors preference may still be given to certain tests or types of test, as considered relevant.It is suggested that this method provides a rapidly comprehensible analysis of differing test data. Detailed examples are given for a number of greases containing molybdenum disulphide.     

Radio propagation characteristics for line-of-sight microcellularand personal communications

To acquire a knowledge of radio propagation characteristics in the microcellular environments for personal communications services (PCS), a comprehensive measurement program was conducted by Telesis Technologies Laboratory (TTL) in the San Francisco Bay area using three base station antenna heights of 3.2 m, 8.7 m, and 13.4 m and two frequencies at 900 MHz and 1900 MHz. Five test settings were chosen in urban, suburban, and rural areas in order to study propagation in a variety of environments. This paper reports the LOS measurements in different environments, all of which show variations of signal strength with distance that have distinct near and far regions separated by a break point. It was also found that the location of the break point for different frequencies and antenna heights can be calculated based on first Fresnel zone clearance. The regression analysis reveals a slope that is less than two before the break point, while it is greater than two after the break point. This break distance can be used to define the size of microcell and to design for fast hand-off. Beyond the first Fresnel zone break distance the base station antenna height gain was observed to approximately follow the square power law of antenna height     

Particle-to-liquid mass transfer in fluidised beds

Nelson and Galloway's theory of particle to fluid mass transfer in dense systems of fine particles is re-examined and modified slightly to make it applicable to liquid fluidised beds. The resulting expression agrees with published data although these are inadequate to test it critically.     

The interactions and partitioning of low molecular weight polyethylene glycols and diethyl phthalate in ethylcellulose/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose blends

The interactions and partitioning of diethyl phthalate and low molecular weight polyethylene-glycols in blends of ethylcellulose/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose have been studied. Both plasticizers were shown to diffuse in both phases according to the overall volume composition. The plasticizers interacted preferentially with one polymer component of the blend as predicted from studies of the individual polymers. Diethyl phthalate, a preferential plasticizer for ethylcellulose, demonstrated increased partitioning in the ethylcellulose-rich phase only at 80/20 w/w ethylcellulose/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose compositions. Polyethylene glycols, PEG200 and PEG400, preferential plasticizers for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, showed increased partitioning in the hydroxypropyl-methycellulose-rich phase also in blends containing 80% w/w ethylcellulose. The general effect of the mechanism and kinetics of the phase separation of the blend on the plasticizer partitioning has also been discussed.