An unsteady state heat conduction model with a convective boundary condition is proposed for the drying of low-rank, high-porosity coals, such as lignites, during fluidized-bed combustion. The drying front is assumed to be the receding surface of a wet core. The solution technique for this moving boundary problem is based on the heat balance integral approach with immobilization of the moving boundary by a change in space variable. The governing cubic equation describing the drying curve in dimensionless form may be solved easily by the Newton—Raphson method. The model predictions are compared with experimental data for Mississippi lignite with excellent agreement. A correlation for estimation of total drying time is proposed. The temperature profiles obtained may be used for the study of the coupled drying and devolatilization in fluidized-bed combustors. The profiles could also be of importance in the study of formation of fissures/cracks in lignites subjected to intense heating conditions encountered during fluidized-bed combustion. 相似文献
This paper is a critical review and summary of the analytical procedures currently used by operating water utilities to control ozone treatment processes, considering disinfection as well as the many oxidative applications of ozone in water treatment applications. The role of common interferences in the various methods is described.
In operating U S., Canadian, European, and Japanese water treatment plants currently employing ozone as a primary disinfectant, ozone nearly always is followed by the addition of small quantities of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or chloramine to provide the residual in the distribution system and to act as a secondary disinfectant. Clearly, the analytical procedures used must distinguish between the various species. This review critically presents these various factors and their implication with respect to “true values” of ozone determined under widely varying conditions. 相似文献
A correlation between the reactivity and electrical resistivity of a series of cokes was determined using cokes prepared from blends of medium- and high-volatile coals. After correcting for the ash yield of the coke and the density of the resistivity specimen, a statistically significant relation between reactivity and resistivity was established. As the resistivity test requires much less time to perform than the reactivity test, it can be considered as an alternative approach to reactivity testing currently performed for quality control purposes. 相似文献
Various poly(arylsilane)s The poly(carbosilane)s prepared in this way are of higher molecular weight than when prepared by the Wurtz-type condensation route previously reported. TG shows 40–50% overll weight loss attained at 500–600°C. 相似文献
ABSTRACTUnderstanding the cut and chip (CC) effect in rubber is important for successful product development for tires used in off-road or poor road conditions and for other demanding applications of rubber. This research describes a laboratory testing method for characterising the CC fracture behaviour of rubber using a device that controls and records multiple applied loads and displacements during cyclic impact to the surface of a solid rubber specimen to mimic and quantify the CC damage experienced by tire tread compounds. To study the capabilities of the instrument, three model compounds were studied that are based on carbon black reinforced compounds of common elastomers used in tire treads: natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and butadiene rubber (BR). These polymers have well-established CC tendencies in field performance of tire treads, with NR exhibiting the best CC resistance followed by SBR and finally BR. The same trend was found with the rubber impact testing approach that allowed the CC behaviour to be quantified using a new physical parameter which is the CC propensity (P). The relative ranking for CC resistance for the three compounds followed the fatigue crack growth resistances of the materials but was exactly opposite to the ranking of DIN abrasion resistance. This provides evidence that CC damage from impact by mm-scale asperities and abrasion of rubber against μm-scale asperities exhibit distinct characteristics in rubber. 相似文献
Advanced oxidation processes are defined as those which involve the generation of hydroxyl radicals in sufficient quantity to affect water purification. The theoretical and (practical yield of OH from O3 at high pH, 03/H202, O3/UV and H2O2/UV systems is reviewed. New data is presented which illustrates the importance of direct photolysis in the O3/UV process, the effect of the H202:03 ratio in the O3/H2O2 process, and the impact of the low extinction coefficient of H2O2 in the H202/UV process. 相似文献
Summary We have successfully synthesized a new NLO chromophore based on 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4-nitrostilbene which contains bisphenol functionality for polycarbonate preparation. Chromophore-4 was used to make macrocyclic carbonate oligomers and the oligomers were converted to polycarbonate via ring-opening polymerization in solution. 相似文献
Gold particles supported on carbon and titania were explored as catalysts for oxidation of CO or glycerol by O2 at room temperature in liquid-phase water. Although Au/carbon catalysts were not active for vapor phase CO oxidation at room
temperature, a turnover frequency of 5 s−1 could be achieved with comparable CO concentration in aqueous solution containing 1 M NaOH. The turnover frequency on Au/carbon
was a strong function of pH, decreasing by about a factor of 50 when the pH decreased from 14 to 0.3. Evidently, a catalytic
oxidation route that was not available in the vapor phase is enabled by operation in the liquid water at high pH. Since Au/titania
is active for vapor phase CO oxidation, the role of water, and therefore hydroxyl concentration, is not as significant as
that for Au/carbon. Hydrogen peroxide is also produced during CO oxidation over Au in liquid water and increasing the hydroxyl
concentration enhances its formation rate. For glycerol oxidation to glyceric acid (C3) and glycolic acid (C2) with O2 (1–10 atm) at 308–333 K over supported Au particles, high pH is required for catalysis to occur. Similar to CO oxidation
in liquid water, H2O2 is also produced during glycerol oxidation at high pH. The formation of the C-C cleavage product glycolic acid is attributed
to peroxide in the reaction. 相似文献