Carbon consequences and agricultural implications of growing biofuel crops on marginal agricultural lands in China

Using marginal agricultural lands to grow energy crops for biofuel feedstocks is a promising option to meet the biofuel needs in populous China without causing further food shortages or environmental problems. Here we quantify the effects of growing switchgrass and Miscanthus on Chinese marginal agricultural lands on biomass production and carbon emissions with a global-scale biogeochemical model. We find that the national net primary production (NPP) of these two biofuel crops are 622 and 1546 g C m(-2) yr(-1), respectively, whereas the NPP of food crops is about 600 g C m(-2) yr(-1) in China. The net carbon sink over the 47 Mha of marginal agricultural lands across China is 2.1 Tg C yr(-1) for switchgrass and 5.0 Tg C yr(-1) for Miscanthus. Soil organic carbon is estimated to be 10 kg C m(-2) in both biofuel ecosystems, which is equal to the soil carbon levels of grasslands in China. In order to reach the goal of 12.5 billion liters of bioethanol in 2020 using crop biomass as biofuel feedstocks, 7.9-8.0 Mha corn grain, 4.3-6.1 Mha switchgrass, or 1.4-2.0 Mha Miscanthus will be needed. Miscanthus has tremendous potential to meet future biofuel needs, and to benefit CO(2) mitigation in China.     

Land availability for biofuel production

Marginal agricultural land is estimated for biofuel production in Africa, China, Europe, India, South America, and the continental United States, which have major agricultural production capacities. These countries/regions can have 320-702 million hectares of land available if only abandoned and degraded cropland and mixed crop and vegetation land, which are usually of low quality, are accounted. If grassland, savanna, and shrubland with marginal productivity are considered for planting low-input high-diversity (LIHD) mixtures of native perennials as energy crops, the total land availability can increase from 1107-1411 million hectares, depending on if the pasture land is discounted. Planting the second generation of biofuel feedstocks on abandoned and degraded cropland and LIHD perennials on grassland with marginal productivity may fulfill 26-55% of the current world liquid fuel consumption, without affecting the use of land with regular productivity for conventional crops and without affecting the current pasture land. Under the various land use scenarios, Africa may have more than one-third, and Africa and Brazil, together, may have more than half of the total land available for biofuel production. These estimations are based on physical conditions such as soil productivity, land slope, and climate.     

增压柴油机两种新型配气凸轮

增压柴油机要求配气凸轮必须具有较大的时间截面和良好的动力学性能,一般常用的配气凸轮很难同时满足上述两方面的要求。本文针对增压柴油机配气凸轮的特点,提出了两种适用于增压柴油机的新型凸轮,阐明了基本原理,给出了计算公式,拟定了计算方法,最后以实例表明了这两种新型凸轮的实际效果。     

燃烧高水分褐煤锅炉磨煤机制粉系统选型分析

针对高分子褐煤的特点,对中速磨制粉系统和风扇磨制粉系统进行了分析对比,指出燃用高水分褐煤锅炉配中速磨制粉系统存在的问题.通过试验和调查分析得出:当褐煤的全水分大于30%时,磨煤机出力大幅度降低.由此得出结论:燃用高水分褐煤锅炉不适合选用中速磨制粉系统,宜采用风扇磨制粉系统.     

某型航空发动机转子叶片静频测量系统

对某型航空发动机转子叶片一阶固有频率的测量方法进行了研究。采用脉冲激励法对叶片进行激振,通过计算机采集叶片在该激励下的振动响应信号,并对响应信号进行功率谱分析获得叶片一阶固有频率。通过阻尼系数的计算来修正所测出的固有频率,消除阻尼对于频率测量的影响,提高了系统测量的准确性。与传统的共振法相比,系统具有设备简单、测试速度快、精度高的特点。     

铂、钯、钴合金中钴的选择性测定

建立了EDTA络合锌盐滴定选择性测定Co的方法,考察了不同类型的酸及酸浓度对EDTA络合Co(Ⅲ)及滴定终点的影响,研究了提高方法选择性的条件.结果表明:于0.1～1.0 mol/L HNO_3、0.1～1.0 mol/L HCl、0.024～0.24 mol/L H_2SO_4和0.001～0.078 mol/L HClO_4酸浓度内,EDTA-Co络合物稳定,且滴定终点敏锐;测定5.00～20.00 mg Co(Ⅲ),相对误差-0.20%～+0.24%,样品加标回收率99.40%～100.40%;采用联合掩蔽剂能消除30余种共存元素的影响;方法准确度高,选择性好,操作简便,适用性强,已用于Pt、Pd、Co合金中质量分数为5%～75%Co的测定,结果满意.     

黄帝陵祭祀大殿大跨预应力混凝土屋盖设计

黄帝陵祭祀大殿屋盖为大跨度覆斗式屋盖,结构设计采用大跨度空间框架体系。分析计算表明,屋面梁板处于复杂的多维受力状态,圆柱承受较大水平推力,屋盖变形呈现出竖向下凹、水平外凸的特点,因此对屋面板及柱顶梁施加了预应力,有效地保证了开大洞覆斗式屋盖的刚度,减小了屋盖变形,降低了屋盖对框架柱的推力。提出了预应力在复杂钢筋混凝土空间框架体系中应有的放矢的设计理念。     

生成对抗网络的研究进展综述

自生成对抗网络(GANs)诞生以来,对其研究已经成为机器学习领域的一个热点。它利用对抗学习的机制训练模型,解决了当年生成算法无法解决的问题。由于GANs的优势,研究者们对其进行深入的研究,产生了许多GANs的衍生模型,这使得GANs得到了快速的发展,形成了所谓的GAN-Zoo。GANs被广泛应用于视觉领域、音频领域、自然语言领域及其他各种领域中,如图像生成、图像翻译、文本生成、音频转换和自然语言翻译等。从传统GANs出发,对近几年内GANs的研究中较为突出的方面进行总结,首先介绍了传统GANs的基本理论,然后对近年来GANs的主要衍生模型进行分析,最后总结了GANs在图像领域和信息安全领域中的主要应用成果。     

全光纤白光干涉型光纤传感器

根据传统光学干涉原理研制出的相应调制型光纤传感器,其突出优点是灵敏度高。但却只能进行相对测量,即只能用作变化量的测量,而不能用于状态量的测量。因此,本文介绍了能实现绝对测量的全光纤白光干涉型光纤传感器及其检测技术,该技术基于白光干涉的绝对测量原理。