纳米Mg—Ni合金吸／放氢过程的热力学性能研究

采用机械合金化法制备了Mg-Ni合金粉末。用XRD及SEM等手段分析表征了球磨过程中的相和微观结构变化，测定了纳米Mg-Ni合金吸／放氢过程的热力学性能。结果表明，Mg-Ni合金粉末的尺寸在10nm-20nm之间；P-C等温线存在明显的坪曲线，坪宽较长。纳米Mg-Ni合金有较好的储氢性能，具有很好的工程应用价值。     

有机杂化阻尼材料动态力学性能的影响因素探讨

高分子阻尼材料作为一类环保功能材料,将向高性能、宽温域的方向发展。传统的阻尼改性方法(如共混、共聚、无机杂化等)及近年来发展起来的互穿聚合物网络和添加压电陶瓷等研究手段都存在一定的局限性。新近开发的利用有机小分子与极性高聚物形成杂化体的方法所得到的阻尼材料的性能非常突出,是一种很有前途的阻尼改性新方法。本文在对现有的二元、三元杂化体系进行分析对比的基础上,对影响有机杂化阻尼材料动态力学性能的因素进行了探讨,为今后该领域的研究工作提供参考。     

Fe3+/TiO2光催化剂降解孔雀绿染料的研究

采用快速溶胶法制备纳米TiO2光催化剂,用Fe^3 对其掺杂改性,并进行了催化剂的X-射线衍射分析(XPd3),傅立叶红外光谱分析(FT-IR),BET比表面积的表征,用于光催化降解水中孔雀绿染料的研究．研究了不同催化剂的光催化活性,确定了光催化剂的用量．结果发现60W紫外光辐射80min,孔雀绿可以彻底降解;可见光下,光催化剂对孔雀绿降解120h,其转化率为98%,COD的去除率为75．3%。可见光下孔雀绿的脱色率和COD的变化不一致,并对其产生的原因和孔雀绿的光催化降解机理作了探讨。孔雀绿的光催化降解符合一级动力学反应规律,反应速率常数随催化剂的用量增加而增大,但增大幅度逐渐减小。     

Crop yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soil as affected by 23 annual applications of fertilizer and manure in the rainfed region of Northwestern China

Application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure affects crop productivity and improves nutrient cycling within soil–plant systems, but the magnitude varies with soil-climatic conditions. A long-term (1982–2004) field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers and farmyard swine manure (M) on seed and straw yield, protein concentration, and N uptake in the seed and straw of 19-year winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and four-year oilseed (three-year canola, Brassica napus L. in 1987, 2000 and 2003; one-year flax, Linum usitatisimum L. in 1991), accumulation of nitrate-N (NO₃-N) in the soil profile (0–210 cm), and N balance sheet on a Huangmian soil (calcaric cambisols, FAO) near Tianshui, Gansu, China. The two main plot treatments were without and with farmyard swine manure (M); sub-plot treatments were control (Ck), N, NP, and NPK.␣The average seed yield decreased in the order MNPK ≥ MNP > MN ≥ NPK ≥ NP > M > N > Ck. The average effect of manure and fertilizers on seed yield was in the order M > N > P > K. The seed yield increase was 20.5% for M, 17.8% for N, 14.2% for P, and 2.9 % for K treatment. Seed yield response to fertilizers was much greater for N and P than for K, and it was much greater for no manure than for manure treatment. The response of straw yield to fertilization treatments was usually similar to that of seed yield. The N fertilizer and manure significantly increased protein concentration and N uptake plant. From the standpoint of increasing crop yield and seed quality, MNPK was the best fertilization strategy. Annual applications of N fertilizer and manure for 23 successive years had a marked effect on NO₃-N accumulation in the 0–210 cm soil profile. Accumulation of NO₃-N in the deeper soil layers with application of N fertilizer and manure is regarded as a potential danger, because of pollution of the soil environment and of groundwater. Application of N fertilizer in combination with P and/or K fertilizers reduced residual soil NO₃-N significantly compared with N fertilizer alone in both no manure and manure plots. The findings suggest that integrated and balanced application of N, P, and K fertilizers and␣manure at proper rates is important for protecting soil and groundwater from potential NO₃-N pollution and for maintaining high crop productivity in the rainfed region of Northwestern China.     

超临界流体中的酶催化反应及研究进展

叙述了介质水含量、温度、压力、底物、产物含量及夹带剂等因素对超临界流体中酶催化反应的影响,并对超临界流体对手性药物的拆分和合成方法进行了归纳和综合。超临界流体中的酶催化已经有了一定研究,但目前大部分研究工作只停留在实验研究,而且流体和酶的选择过于集中。因此,如何使得这项技术应用于实际的大生产,尤其是在手性药物合成和拆分方面的应用将是今后研究的方向。     

北方地区表流人工湿地冬季污水脱氮效果及微生物分布分析

对北方地区表流人工湿地冬季脱氮效果及微生物分布情况进行了分析,以西安皂河试验人工湿地为例。结果表明,表流人工湿地在北方地区冬季取得较好的脱氮效果,总氮与氨氮的平均去除率分别为47.76%、58.49%,并且氨化细菌沿程呈现递减的变化趋势,而亚硝化细菌呈现递增的趋势,但反硝化菌呈现先降后升的趋势。氨氮质量浓度与氨化细菌数及亚硝化细菌数之间存在显著相关,而硝氮质量浓度与反硝化细菌之间的相关性不显著。这结果说明除了硝化-反硝化的脱氮机制外还存在其他的脱氮机制。     

关于校企联合培养工科专业学生创新能力的思考——以吉首大学为例

以吉首大学环境工程专业为例,对传统实践教学的现状和存在的问题进行了剖析,对校企联合培养工科学生创新能力的意义进行了分析。针对地方高校工科专业毕业生普遍实际动手能力不足、创新能力欠缺的现状,提出了校企联合培养工科专业学生创新能力的几种形式。     

吹膜挤出机的电磁感应加热系统建模与有限元模拟研究

为实现吹膜挤出机在电磁感应加热条件下能效的定量分析,对吹膜挤出机电磁感应加热的三维有限元模型进行了研究,导出了对应于指定机筒和螺杆材料的电流透入深度与电磁感应加热器的各设计参数之间的关系;分析了挤出机的机筒与螺杆等关键部件在电磁感应三段式分区加热条件下的磁场分布、电流密度场分布及焦耳热能分布的相对趋势。结果表明,感应磁场主要分布在机筒内表面,而相应的感应电流主要分布在机筒外层,且当机筒上缠绕的3组匝数相同的电磁感应加热线圈中加载有大小相等、方向相同的交变电流时,电流密度和产生的焦耳热能集中在机筒和螺杆的中部,而适当增加进料段与计量段加热区所对应的两组线圈匝数可获得较为均匀的电磁感应加热效果。相对于电阻式加热,电磁感应加热的能量损耗较小,是一种环保节能的吹膜挤出机加热方式。     

Thermal properties and crystallization behavior of bamboo fiber/high‐density polyethylene composites: Nano‐TiO2 effects

In this study, bamboo fiber/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared, and the effects of nano‐TiO₂ on their thermal properties and crystallization behavior were investigated via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the addition of nano‐TiO₂ improved the thermal stability and had a dual function in the crystallization behavior of the composites. On one hand, it functioned as a nucleating agent. The addition of 2 wt % nano‐TiO₂ promoted the crystallization, which caused the increase of the crystallization rate and crystallinity degree, as well as the micronization of the crystalline grain. On the other hand, intermolecular hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds were formed between nano‐TiO₂ and the polymer matrix, which hindered the crystallization of the composites. When the content of nano‐TiO₂ was continually increased, the inhibitory effect of the crystallization was gradually enhanced, which resulted in a decrease in the crystallization rate and crystallinity degree of the composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39846.     

高锌粉含量的单组分环氧富锌底漆的研制

以自制的改性环氧树脂为基料,锌粉为防锈颜料,制备出干膜中锌粉含量达96%以上的单组分环氧富锌底漆。同时考察了影响漆膜防腐蚀性能和涂料贮存稳定性的因素。实验表明:锌粉的含量在95%～97%时,漆膜的防腐蚀效果最好,经过1 000 h的耐盐雾试验后,漆膜保持完好;采用0.2%有机膨润土和1%聚酰胺蜡搭配使用,有效地解决了单组分环氧富锌底漆中锌粉沉降结块的问题,根据实验结果得到最佳单组分环氧富锌底漆配方,同国外同类型的产品相比具有更好的性价比。漆膜性能优异,VOC含量较低,环保性能好。