Fuel management of the HTR-10 including the equilibrium state and the running-in phase

The mode of fuel management of the HTR-10 was studied, including the simulation of the fuel shuffling process and the measurement of the burnup of a fuel element. The prior consideration was the design of the equilibrium state. Based on this the fuel loading of the initial core and the fuel shuffling mode from the initial core through the running-in phase into the equilibrium state were studied. The code system VSOP was used for the physical layout of the HTR-10 at the equilibrium state and in the running-in phase. For the equilibrium state, in order to lessen the difference between the peak and the average burnup, 5-fuel-passage-through-the-core was chosen for the fuel management. The average burnup of the spent fuel for the equilibrium core is 80 000 MWd t⁻¹, and the peak value of it is less than 100 000 MWd t⁻¹ when the burnup of the recycled fuel element is under 72 000 MWd t⁻¹. The mixture of fuel element and graphite element was used for the initial core loading, the volume fractions of the fuel and the graphite elements were 0.57 and 0.43, respectively. During the running-in phase, the volume fraction of graphite will decrease with the fresh fuel elements being loaded from the top of the core and the graphite elements discharged from the bottom of the core. The fuel shuffling mode is similar to that of the equilibrium state. The burnup limit of recycled fuel element is also 72 000 MWd t⁻¹ and the peak burnup is less than 100 000 MWd t⁻¹. Finally the core will be full of fuel elements with a certain profile of burnup and reaches the equilibrium state. According to the characteristics of the pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor, a calibrating method of concentration of ¹³⁷Cs was proposed for the measurement of fuel burnup.     

中国台湾电信市场现状

台湾电信市场的开放大致分四个阶段,从1995年起,陆续开放了移动通信、卫星通信及固定通信等多种业务。固网市场,2001年新世纪资通、台湾固网和力霸宽频电信的加入打破了中华电信的独家垄断,开始形成四强竞争的新局面。移动领域,1997年底6家运营商8张民营执照的发放开始了该领域史无前例的竞争。在2001年1月,台湾大哥大、远致电信、亚太行动宽频、联邦电信和中华电信获得了3G执照,累计竞标金额达488.99亿元(新台币)。     

浅谈高层建筑火灾扑救

前言伴随着我国经济建设的迅速发展 ,高层建筑已在各大城市大量涌现。大量的高层建筑 ,既为城市的经济发展增添了繁荣的氛围 ,同时又给消防安全提出了新的课题。近年来 ,高层建筑所引发的火灾已成为全世界关注的一个难题。据统计 ,1999年全国共发生高层建筑火灾 112 2起 ,而 2 0 0 0年则猛增到 184 32起。因此 ,加强对高层建筑火灾扑救的研究 ,对缔造良好的消防环境 ,确保经济和社会稳定至关重要。本文仅是作者的一些浅见 ,希望能有可取之处与大家分享。18世纪末至 19世纪 ,欧洲和美国的的工业革命带来了生产力的发展与经济的繁荣。这个时期…     

Exploratory analysis of brain connectivity with ICA.

Covariance-based methods of exploration of functional connectivity of the brain from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and structural equation modeling (SEM), require a priori knowledge such as an anatomical model to infer functional connectivity. In this research, a hybrid method, combining independent component analysis (ICA) and SEM, which is capable of deriving functional connectivity in an exploratory manner without the need of a prior model is introduced. The spatial ICA (SICA) derives independent neural systems or sources involved in task-related brain activation, while an automated method based on the SEM finds the structure of the connectivity among the elements in independent neural systems. Unlike second-order approaches used in earlier studies, the task-related neural systems derived from the ICA provide brain connectivity in the complete statistical sense. The use and efficacy of this approach is illustrated on two fMRI datasets obtained from a visual task and a language reading task.     

广水市:一盘棋规划 "两线一片"推进

广水市位于湖北省东北部，地处大别山与桐柏山交汇处南麓，地跨长江、淮河两大流域，国土面积2647km^2,是湖北省38个山区县市之一。     

高质量的一级光栅1．55μmDFB激光器

本文详细叙述了ＤＦＢ激光器的设计要点和新的工艺。采用一级全息光栅和二步液相外延法批量研制出高稳定单纵模工作的１．５５μｍ分布反馈激光器（ＤＦＢ—ＬＤ）。外延片成品率＞４０％。器件特性：２５℃时阈值电流２０ｍＡ，单面光功率＞１０ｍｗ，主边模抑制比ＳＭＳＲ达４３ｄＢ（λ／４相移光栅），谱线宽度△ν－２０ｄＢ＝０．３ｎｍ，调制速率＞１．８ＧＨｚ。可靠性测试显示：高温监测光谱稳定，２５°Ｃ时阈值退化率△Ｉｔｈ／ｔ＜０．３ｍＡ／ｋｈ，对应器件预估寿命将超过１０万ｈ。     

Development of a numerical comparator for protective relaying: PartII

This paper describes the testing of a new power system numerical relaying concept. The new technique is applied to distance relaying to offer improved reliability and security of the relay, and improve the speed of relay operation. To validate the algorithm's performance, the scheme was analyzed under a variety of test conditions and compared with conventional relay concepts. This paper presents the results of the testing and shows that the new relaying scheme operated with a high level of security and dependability for all of the test cases. The tests show improvements that the new scheme can offer in comparison to the conventional schemes     

土钉支护结构水平位移安全监控模型研究

国内现行规范、标准是以极限变形值作为土钉支护结构水平位移安全监测报警值 ,但没有反映工程进度影响 ,不便指导工程实践。提出“过程控制”概念 ,以反正切函数为基本形式 ,基于历史经验建立“安全时程曲线”控制模型 ,要求施工过程中实测水平位移始终处在“安全时程曲线”之下 ,以确保最终变形在某一适当的阈值之内 ,已有实测结果可以为施工方案调整提供依据。通过实际案例 ,检验模型的可行性 ,表明过程控制模型较极限变形策略更具可操作性     

Automation model of sewerage rehabilitation planning.

The major steps of sewerage rehabilitation include inspection of sewerage, assessment of structural conditions, computation of structural condition grades, and determination of rehabilitation methods and materials. Conventionally, sewerage rehabilitation planning relies on experts with professional background that is tedious and time-consuming. This paper proposes an automation model of planning optimal sewerage rehabilitation strategies for the sewer system by integrating image process, clustering technology, optimization, and visualization display. Firstly, image processing techniques, such as wavelet transformation and co-occurrence features extraction, were employed to extract various characteristics of structural failures from CCTV inspection images. Secondly, a classification neural network was established to automatically interpret the structural conditions by comparing the extracted features with the typical failures in a databank. Then, to achieve optimal rehabilitation efficiency, a genetic algorithm was used to determine appropriate rehabilitation methods and substitution materials for the pipe sections with a risk of mal-function and even collapse. Finally, the result from the automation model can be visualized in a geographic information system in which essential information of the sewer system and sewerage rehabilitation plans are graphically displayed. For demonstration, the automation model of optimal sewerage rehabilitation planning was applied to a sewer system in east Taichung, Chinese Taiwan.