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991.
Leonard Gallagher Jeff Offutt Anthony Cincotta 《Software Testing, Verification and Reliability》2006,16(4):215-266
In object‐oriented terms, one of the goals of integration testing is to ensure that messages from objects in one class or component are sent and received in the proper order and have the intended effect on the state of the objects that receive the messages. This research extends an existing single‐class testing technique to integration testing of multiple classes. The single‐class technique models the behaviour of a single class as a finite state machine, transforms the representation into a data flow graph that explicitly identifies the definitions and uses of each state variable of the class, and then applies conventional data flow testing to produce test case specifications that can be used to test the class. This paper extends those ideas to inter‐class testing by developing flow graphs, finding paths between pairs of definitions and uses, detecting some infeasible paths and automatically generating tests for an arbitrary number of classes and components. It introduces flexible representations for message sending and receiving among objects and allows concurrency among any or all classes and components. Data flow graphs are stored in a relational database and database queries are used to gather def‐use information. This approach is conceptually simple, mathematically precise, quite powerful and general enough to be used for traditional data flow analysis. This testing approach relies on finite state machines, database modelling and processing techniques and algorithms for analysis and traversal of directed graphs. The paper presents empirical results of the approach applied to an automotive system. This work was prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties and is, therefore, a work of the U.S. Government and not subject to copyright. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
992.
Nele Ledoux Anthony Linden Bart Allaert Hans Vander Mierde Francis Verpoort 《Advanced Synthesis \u0026amp; Catalysis》2007,349(10):1692-1700
This paper reports the structural modification of Hoveyda–Grubbs complexes through the introduction of either an N‐alkyl‐N′‐mesityl heterocyclic carbene, an N‐alkyl‐N′‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) heterocyclic carbene, or an N‐alkyl‐N′‐alkyl heterocyclic carbene. The effect of the modified N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand was investigated in representative ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) and cross metathesis (CM) reactions. A pronounced influence on both catalyst activity and selectivity was found to be exerted by the NHC amino substituents, which emphasizes that a rigorously selected steric environment is critical in olefin metathesis catalyst design. 相似文献
993.
Anthony P. Bimbo 《Lipid Technology》2007,19(8):176-179
Much is being written in the popular and scientific press about the impending shortage of fish oil in its key markets. While most of the concerns are aimed at the aquaculture industry where fish oil and fishmeal are highly desired products, questions have also been raised from groups within the nutritional oils and nutraceutical industry. The concerns have been fueled by ominous predictions of impending doom because ocean fish are being pursued to extinction. While the questions related to aquaculture have and continue to receive responses (1, 2, 3), the issue of raw materials for the long‐chain ω‐3, nutritional oils or nutraceutical market has not been specifically addressed. This paper attempts to put the ω‐3 fish oil situation regarding the nutritional oils industry into perspective. 相似文献
994.
Citation delay in interdisciplinary knowledge exchange 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Rinia Ed J. Van Leeuwen Thed. N. Bruins Eppo E.W. Van Vuren Hendrik G. Van Raan Anthony F.J. 《Scientometrics》2001,51(1):293-309
As part of a larger project to investigate knowledge flows between fields of science, westudied the differences in speed of knowledge transfer within and across disciplines. The agedistribution of references in three selections of articles was analysed, including almost 800.000references in journal publications of the United Kingdom in 1992, 700.000 references inpublications of Germany in 1992, and more than 11 million references in the world total ofpublications in 1998.The rate of citing documented knowledge from other disciplines appears to differ sharplyamong disciplines. For most of the disciplines the same ratio's are found in the three data sets.Exceptions show interesting differences in the interdisciplinary nature of a field in a country. Wefind a general tendency of a citation delay in case of knowledge transfer between different fieldsof science: citations to work of the own discipline show less of a time lag than citations to work ina foreign discipline. Between disciplines typical differences in the speed of incorporatingknowledge from other disciplines are observed, which appear to be relatively independent of timeand place: for each discipline the same pattern is found in the three data sets. The disciplinespecific characteristics found in the speed of interdisciplinary knowledge transfer may be point ofdeparture for further investigations. Results may contribute to explanations of differences incitation rates of interdisciplinary research. 相似文献
995.
Silicone emulsions and surfactants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Anthony J. O'Lenick Jr. 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2000,3(3):387-393
This review is intended to supply the practicing chemist with a working knowledge of the chemistry of silicone compounds.
It has been divided into two parts, the first dealing with basic chemistry of silicones [O'Lenic, A.J., JSD 2, 229 (2000)] and the second with silicone-based surfactants, specifically dimethicone copolyols and their derivatives. This
is the second part of the review. Although silicone compounds have been known for over 50 yr, the chemistry of these materials
remains elusive to the average formulating chemist. This is indeed unfortunate, since the chemistry of the silicon atom and
silicone compounds is every bit as wide in scope and rich in content as the chemistry of the carbon atom and the surfactant
chemistry upon which it is based. This article will deal with the various methods of delivering silicone from aqueous systems.
The two approaches are (i) to make emultions that contain silicone oil and a surfactant pair and the (ii) to make modify the
molecule chemically to make the product more water-compatible. Both approaches find applications in a variety of industrial
applications, with different challenges to the formulator. 相似文献
996.
Electrodes: Ferromagnetic,Folded Electrode Composite as a Soft Interface to the Skin for Long‐Term Electrophysiological Recording (Adv. Funct. Mater. 40/2016)
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Kyung‐In Jang Han Na Jung Jung Woo Lee Sheng Xu Yu Hao Liu Yinji Ma Jae‐Woong Jeong Young Min Song Jeonghyun Kim Bong Hoon Kim Anthony Banks Jean Won Kwak Yiyuan Yang Dawei Shi Zijun Wei Xue Feng Ungyu Paik Yonggang Huang Roozbeh Ghaffari John A. Rogers 《Advanced functional materials》2016,26(40):7280-7280
997.
Theoretical and Experimental Insight into the Mechanism for Spontaneous Vertical Growth of ReS2 Nanosheets
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Debjit Ghoshal Anthony Yoshimura Tushar Gupta Andrew House Swastik Basu Yanwen Chen Tianmeng Wang Yang Yang Wenjia Shou Jordan A. Hachtel Juan Carlos Idrobo Toh‐Ming Lu Sagnik Basuray Vincent Meunier Su‐Fei Shi Nikhil Koratkar 《Advanced functional materials》2018,28(30)
Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) differs fundamentally from other group‐VI transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) due to its low structural symmetry, which results in its optical and electrical anisotropy. Although vertical growth is observed in some TMDs under special growth conditions, vertical growth in ReS2 is very different in that it is highly spontaneous and substrate‐independent. In this study, the mechanism that underpins the thermodynamically favorable vertical growth mode of ReS2 is uncovered. It is found that the governing mechanism for ReS2 growth involves two distinct stages. In the first stage, ReS2 grows parallel to the growth substrate, consistent with conventional TMD growth. However, subsequent vertical growth is nucleated at points on the lattice where Re atoms are “pinched” together. At such sites, an additional Re atom binds with the cluster of pinched Re atoms, leaving an under‐coordinated S atom protruding out of the ReS2 plane. This under‐coordinated S is “reactive” and binds to free Re and S atoms, initiating growth in a direction perpendicular to the ReS2 surface. The utility of such vertical ReS2 arrays in applications where high surface‐to‐volume ratio and electric‐field enhancement are essential, such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, field emission, and solar‐based disinfection of bacteria, is demonstrated. 相似文献
998.
A 3D Hybrid of Chemically Coupled Nickel Sulfide and Hollow Carbon Spheres for High Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
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Chao Ye Lei Zhang Chunxian Guo Dongdong Li Anthony Vasileff Haihui Wang Shi‐Zhang Qiao 《Advanced functional materials》2017,27(33)
Lithium–sulfur batteries are a promising next‐generation energy storage device owing to their high theoretical capacity and the low cost and abundance of sulfur. However, the low conductivity and loss of active sulfur material during operation greatly limit the rating capabilities and cycling stability of lithium–sulfur batteries. In this work, a unique sulfur host hybrid material comprising nanosized nickel sulfide (NiS) uniformly distributed on 3D carbon hollow spheres (C‐HS) is fabricated using an in situ thermal reduction and sulfidation method. In the hybrid material, the nanosized NiS provides a high adsorption capability for polysulfides and the C‐HS serves as a physical confinement for polysulfides and also a 3D electron transfer pathway. Moreover, NiS has strong chemical coupling with the C‐HS, favoring fast charge transfer and redox kinetics of the sulfur electrode. With a sulfur loading of up to 2.3 mg cm?2, the hybrid material‐based lithium–sulfur batteries offer a capacity decay as low as 0.013% per cycle and a capacity of 695 mA h g?1 at 0.5 C after 300 cycles. This unique 3D hybrid material with strong chemical coupling provides a promising sulfur host for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and Near‐Field Communication Capabilities
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Jeonghyun Kim Anthony Banks Zhaoqian Xie Seung Yun Heo Philipp Gutruf Jung Woo Lee Sheng Xu Kyung‐In Jang Fei Liu Gregory Brown Junghyun Choi Joo Hyun Kim Xue Feng Yonggang Huang Ungyu Paik John A. Rogers 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(30):4761-4767
A class of thin, lightweight, flexible, near‐field communication (NFC) devices with ultraminiaturized format is introduced, and systematic investigations of the mechanics, radio frequency characteristics, and materials aspects associated with their optimized construction are presented. These systems allow advantages in mechanical strength, placement versatility, and minimized interfacial stresses compared to other NFC technologies and wearable electronics. Detailed experimental studies and theoretical modeling of the mechanical and electromagnetic properties of these systems establish understanding of the key design considerations. These concepts can apply to many other types of wireless communication systems including biosensors and electronic implants. 相似文献