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131.
Crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings have been widely used in photo-electrochemical solar cell applications. In this study, TiO2 and carbon-doped TiO2 coatings were deposited onto unheated titanium and silicon wafer substrates using a DC closed-field magnetron sputtering system. The resultant coatings had an amorphous structure and a post-deposition heat treatment is required to convert this amorphous structure into the photoactive crystalline phase(s) of TiO2. This study investigates the use of a microwave plasma heat treatment as a means of achieving this crystalline conversion. The treatment involved placing the sputtered coatings into a 2.45 GHz microwave-induced nitrogen plasma where they were heated to approximately 550 °C. It was observed that for treatment times as short as 1 min, the 0.25-μm thick coatings were converted into the anatase crystalline phase of TiO2. The coatings were further transformed into the rutile crystalline phase after treatments at higher temperatures. The doping of TiO2 with carbon was found to result in a reduction in this phase transformation temperature, with higher level of doping (up to 5.8% in this study) leading to lower anatase-to-rutile transition temperature. The photoactivity performance of both doped and un-doped coatings heat-treated using both furnace and microwave plasma was compared. The carbon-doped TiO2 exhibited a 29% increase in photocurrent density compared to that observed for the un-doped coating. Comparing carbon-doped coatings heat-treated using the furnace and microwave plasma, it was observed that the latter yielded a 19% increase in photocurrent density. This enhanced performance may be correlated to the differences in the coatings' surface morphology and band gap energy, both of which influence the coatings' photoabsorption efficiency. 相似文献
132.
Introduction The understanding of reaction mechanism on electrode surfaces requires fast perturbation techniques. One such elegant method is cyclic voltammetry where a dc voltage ramp is applied on a working electrode and the current so produced is monitored. This current reflects the electron transfer process and is controlled by the chemical reactions that take place before or after the electrode process. Scan rates of the order of 200 mV/s or higher can not be recorded on a conventional fast X-Y recorder due to inertia problems. It is customary to use oscilloscopes with memory in order to record the current and voltage signals. The advanced features of digital oscilloscope enhanced this data aquisition process and are amenable for use with computers. The software developed in BASIC language makes it possible to transfer the data aquired by the oscilloscope to the disk storage of the IBM PC. 相似文献
133.
The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed safety analysis of overall system and components in terms of their ability to provide optimum output from the irradiation of TeO2 in the central thimble of the 3 MW TRIGA MARK II research reactor at Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It identifies safety issues relevant to 131I radioisotope production and ensures that safety analysis and design are consistent. It evaluates threats developed within the facility during the irradiation process and ultimately ensures establishment of in-core safety limits and conditions at all stages of 131I production. In-core irradiation safety not only ensures the safe operation of the reactor but also strengthens the production of radioisotopes (RI). This study attempts to review and modify all safety related events and aspects relating to RI production. The three-dimensional continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP is used to develop a versatile and accurate full-core model of the TRIGA core. The cross-section library and fission product inventory are generated by using NJOY and ORIGEN computer codes. The methodology to evaluate heat generation and other relevant parameters necessary to provide enough information for thermal hydraulic analysis are discussed. The neutron flux distribution inside the dry and water filled central thimble is determined in order to locate the highest neutron flux trapping position. The thermal hydraulic and safety analysis are performed by elaborate numerical analysis as well as by using GENGTC computer code. A mock-up facility has also been developed to supplement and verify the theoretically predicted results. The total energy generated during irradiation of 50 gm TeO2 sample in dry condition is found to be 113.84 w of which 75% energy is due to neutron heating and rest of the amount is from gamma heating. Around 11.28 w of heat energy is also generated in the quartz vial. When the total generated-heat transfer is considered through conduction and radiation mechanisms, the calculated temperature of 50 g of TeO2 reaches at 970 °C. Considering simultaneous heat transfer mechanisms, (conduction, radiation and convection) the calculated maximum temperature of the 50 g of TeO2 powder comes down at 680 °C. It may be pointed out that very high amount of heat is generated during the irradiation of TeO2 at 3 MW reactor power in dry condition which is nearly the melting point of TeO2 and may be termed as unsafe mode of irradiation. 相似文献
134.
H.A. Abd El‐Rahman S.A. Salih A. M. Abd El‐Wahab 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2011,42(9):784-791
Effect of phosphoric acid on the performance of Pb‐1.7%Sb grid of lead‐acid cell is studied in 5 M H2SO4 by cyclic galvanostatic polarization and impedance spectroscopy. An increase in capacitance to a maximum is recorded during the initial stages of the electro‐reduction of PbO2 into Pb(II) compounds and attributed to concurrent compositional and dimensional changes. These changes include removal of O2 bubbles, insertion of large amounts of H2SO4 and H2O. Efficiency of PbO2 formation decreases, while its rate of self‐discharge increases with increasing the charging current and in the presence of H3PO4. The charge capacity increases with increasing the discharging current due to the decrease in the self‐discharge. The charge capacity is lower in the presence of H3PO4. On increasing the cycle number, the corrodibility of the grid increases, because more layers of the surface Pb are involved in the self‐discharge. H3PO4 significantly retards the effect of cycle number. 相似文献
135.
Spontaneous inter-particle percolation is a very important phenomenon related to the mixing/segregation of particulate materials. Many studies have been conducted to understand the mechanisms governing the percolation behaviours in the past. However, previous work has a lack of systematic investigation on the effect of particle properties. In this work, a layer of small particles passing through a packed bed under gravity is analysed by means of the discrete element method. Percolation behaviour in terms of percolation velocity and radial dispersion is studied. The effect of percolating particle properties, including sliding friction and damping coefficients between percolating and packing particles, density and diameter ratios of percolating to packing particles and Young’s modulus of percolating particles, on the percolation behaviour is considered. It is observed that the damping coefficient and diameter ratio are the two dominant parameters that significantly affect the percolation behaviour. In particular, increasing the damping coefficient or decreasing the diameter ratio would increase the percolation velocity and decrease the radial dispersion. The sliding friction coefficient, Young’s modulus and density ratio have limited effects on the percolation behaviour. Two formulas have been, respectively, proposed to describe the dependences of percolation velocity and interaction force between percolating and packing particles on damping coefficient and diameter ratio. 相似文献
136.
International Journal of Steel Structures - Stiffened plates with high slenderness parameters show large out-of-plane deflections, due to elastic buckling, which may occur before the plates reach... 相似文献
137.
S. U. Rahman 《Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering》2012,46(2):108-112
The mass transfer coefficients from the outer surface of tubes or cylinders held in parallel turbulent steams have been calculated
using integral momentum and mass transfer equations. The solution uses a hydrodynamics independent constant, λ
c
which depends only upon Schmidt number. The results exhibit significant effect of curvature. For Schmidt number less than
108, Sherwood number can be predicted by $Sh_d Sc^{ - 1/3} = 0.039Sc^{0.208} \times \left( {\frac{L}
{d}} \right)^\alpha \operatorname{Re} _d^{0.8}$Sh_d Sc^{ - 1/3} = 0.039Sc^{0.208} \times \left( {\frac{L}
{d}} \right)^\alpha \operatorname{Re} _d^{0.8}, where α = −0.169Sc−0.0103. The effect of the curvature is insignificant where $\frac{L}
{d}\operatorname{Re} _L^{ - 0.2} - 0.033 \times \ln (Sc) \leqslant 0.214$\frac{L}
{d}\operatorname{Re} _L^{ - 0.2} - 0.033 \times \ln (Sc) \leqslant 0.214. 相似文献
138.
The effect of tool edge radius on the chip formation behavior of tool-based micromachining 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Keng Soon Woon Mustafizur Rahman 《The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology》2010,50(9-12):961-977
Chip formation behavior of micromachining is governed by the tool edge radius effect as reflected by the characteristic changes in plastic deformation at varying combinations of tool edge radius, r, and undeformed chip thickness, a. At high a/r above unity, concentrated plastic deformation takes place at the primary and secondary deformation zones akin to conventional macromachining. Decreasing a/r below unity promotes localized deformation ahead of the tool edge radius, with the expansion in fraction of the primary deformation zone and the simultaneous shrinkage in fraction of the secondary deformation zone following the reductions in total tool–chip contact length. Further decrease of a/r below a critical threshold brings forth a total suppression of secondary deformation zone and resulted in an ultimate localization of plastic deformation ahead of the tool edge radius. This is perceived as a transition in chip formation mechanism from concentrated shearing to a thrust-oriented behavior. 相似文献
139.
CO2 methanation over Ni and Rh based catalysts: Process optimization at moderate temperature 下载免费PDF全文
Muhammad Younas Sumathi Sethupathi Leong Loong Kong Abdul Rahman Mohamed 《国际能源研究杂志》2018,42(10):3289-3302
H2 was produced from aluminum/water reaction and reacted with CO2 over Ni and Rh based catalysts to optimize the process conditions for CO2 methanation at moderate temperature. Monometallic catalysts were prepared by incorporating Ni and Rh using nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) and rhodium(III) chloride trihydrate (RhCl3·3H2O)as a precursor chemical. The preliminary study of the catalysts revealed higher activity and CH4 selectivity for Rh based catalyst compared to that of Ni based catalyst. Further, Rh based catalyst was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design. The quadratic model was employed to correlate the effects of variable parameters including methanation temperature, %humidity, and catalyst weight with the %CO2 conversion, %CH4 selectivity, and CH4 production capacity. Analysis of variance revealed that methanation temperature and humidity play an important role in CO2 methanation. Higher response values of CO2 conversion (54.4%), CH4 selectivity (73.5%) and CH4 production capacity (8.4 μmol g?1 min?1) were noted at optimum conditions of 206.7°C of methanation temperature, 12.5% humidity and 100 mg of the catalyst. The results demonstrated the ability of Rh catalyst supported on palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) for CO2 methanation at low temperature and atmospheric pressure. 相似文献
140.
A sensorless field oriented control scheme for a surface mount permanent magnet AC (PMAC) motor with split phase stator windings is presented. This motor is obtained by splitting the phase windings of a conventional three phase motor. The six-phase motor, however is run as a three-phase motor by connecting the split phase stator windings in series, while the taps are made available for voltage measurements. By measuring the terminal voltages and the line currents, absolute position of the permanent magnet AC motor driven by a current regulated PWM inverter with a hysteresis controller is estimated. The estimated position information is independent of the stator resistance, thus this scheme is even applicable at low speeds. Results are presented to show the effectiveness of the new controller, and it is also shown that the position error is negligible 相似文献