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61.
    
Growing demands for pervasive and ubiquitous services over wireless mobile networks and evolution of such networks towards heterogeneous solutions have emphasized the necessity of more intelligent handoff decisions. The existing handoff management methods in the literature are mostly using signal strength measurements and other link quality evaluations not addressing the knowledge about context of mobile devices, users and networks. Recently, context‐aware handoff management has been considered as a novel candidate for fourth generation (4G) wireless technology. In this paper, user perceived quality of service has been considered in addition to traditional contexts such as user preferences, application requirements, network parameters and link quality for decision making. User perceived quality (UPQ) has been employed as a trigger source, in addition to link layer triggers which are emerged using media independent handover (MIH) event service. This paper presents a policy based mechanism for handoff decision making where fuzzy petri nets (FPNs) have been utilized as its evaluation algorithm. A case study has been provided by simulations to show the usability and user level satisfaction. Simulation results show superior performance in terms of UPQ, jitter and packet delivery measures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
62.
Wireless Personal Communications - Adaptive transmission in a cooperative network with a half-duplex relay operating in decode-and-forward mode is considered. The main purpose of the paper is...  相似文献   
63.
A simplified methodology for predicting the median and dispersion of collapse capacity of moment-resisting frame and shear wall structural systems subjected to seismic excitations is proposed. The method is based on nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. Simple mathematical models denoted as “generic structures” are utilized to model moment-resisting frames and shear walls. After examining a wide range of structural parameters of the generic structures, a comprehensive database of collapse fragilities and pushover curves (using ASCE 7-05 lateral load pattern) are generated. Based on the obtained pushover curves, closed-form equations for estimation of median and dispersion of building collapse fragility curves are developed using multivariate regression analysis. Comparing the estimates of the median collapse capacity calculated from the closed-form equations with the actual collapse capacities determined from nonlinear response-history analysis indicates that the simplified methodology is reliable. The effectiveness of this methodology for predicting the median collapse capacity of frame and wall structures is further demonstrated with two case studies of structural systems designed based on current seismic provisions.  相似文献   
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65.
    
Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is an emerging method in structural analysis which allows evaluation of seismic capacity and demand of structures through a series of nonlinear dynamic analyses using multiple scaled ground motion records. Seismic behaviour of concentrically braced frames designed based on the first, second and third revisions of the Iranian seismic code, standard no. 2800, has been evaluated through IDA in the present paper. Besides, a brief comparison is made between seismic behaviour of these frames, frames with different heights and different bracing types. Seismic capacity and limit states of such structures have been reviewed through the paper. The IDA results imply that frames designed with the first edition are seriously vulnerable and fail before reaching the acceleration levels predicted in the code. On the other hand, frames designed with the second and third editions, although behaving better, need partial reinforcement in some cases. Other results of this study show that chevron braced frames behave seismically better than X‐braced ones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
66.
    
Post‐earthquake fire (PEF) presents a high risk to buildings that have been partially damaged in a prior earthquake, particularly in urban areas. As most standards and criteria ignore the possibility of fire after earthquake, buildings are not adequately designed for that possibility, and thus, PEF is a high‐risk load needed to be scrutinized further, codified and become part of a routine design. An investigation based on sequential analysis inspired by FEMA356 is performed here on two RC frames, of three and five stories, at the Life Safety performance level and designed to the ACI 318‐08 code, after they have been subjected to a spectral peak ground acceleration of 0.35 g. A fire analysis of the weakened structures follows, from which the time it takes for the damaged structures to collapse is determined. As a point of reference, the fire resistance is also determined for undamaged structures and before the occurrence of earthquake. The results show that structures previously damaged by the earthquake and exposed to PEF are considerably more vulnerable than those that have not been damaged previously. A method using carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer as a means of relocation of plastic hinges away from the column faces towards the beams is introduced as a function of the time required for fire extinguishment or evacuation. This is carried out to increase the structural load‐carrying capacity, thus reducing the potential damage for the anticipated earthquake and thereby improve the PEF resistance. The results show a considerable improvement in the PEF resistance of the frames. While the investigation and the proposition relate to a certain class of structures (ordinary buildings, intermediate RC structures, three and five stories) and the results can therefore be applied only to the cases investigated, it is hoped that this study paves the way for further research into this very important phenomenon and leads to an eventual revision of codes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
67.
    
In this article, shear stress between an aluminum tool and a carbon fiber‐epoxy prepreg is characterized during cure using polymeric release agent and release film at the tool‐part interface. The effects of surface roughness, release materials, pull‐out speed, temperature, and normal force (autoclave pressure) on the shear stress are investigated using a customized friction rig. Results show that the interfacial shear stress decreases as the temperature increases and it increases as the normal force increases when using either the release film or the release agent. Additionally, changes in surface roughness from 1.35 to 0.18 μm decrease the shear stress 10–27% while the use of release agent shows a decrease between 23% and 51% in the shear stress. Furthermore, strong adhesion between the tool and the part is observed when using release agent and pull‐out speeds of 0.05 mm/min (static/dynamic friction ratio of 5.29 ± 0.19). Using the experimental data, a mathematical approach based on the Coulomb's friction model is proposed to predict the friction force at the tool‐part interface. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013  相似文献   
68.
    
Spinel ferrite NiFe2O4 thin films have been grown on three isostructural substrates, MgAl2O4, MgGa2O4, and CoGa2O4 using pulsed laser deposition. These substrates have lattice mismatches of 3.1%, 0.8%, and 0.2%, respectively, with NiFe2O4. As expected, the films grown on MgAl2O4 substrate show the presence of the antiphase boundary defects. However, no antiphase boundaries (APBs) are observed for films grown on near‐lattice‐matched substrates MgGa2O4 and CoGa2O4. This demonstrates that by using isostructural and lattice‐matched substrates, the formation of APBs can be avoided in NiFe2O4 thin films. Consequently, static and dynamic magnetic properties comparable with the bulk can be realized. Initial results indicate similar improvements in film quality and magnetic properties due to the elimination of APBs in other members of the spinel ferrite family, such as Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4, which have similar crystallographic structure and lattice constants as NiFe2O4.  相似文献   
69.
Comparative studies on seismic performance for various types of steel moment resisting frames subjected to near field and far field earthquakes are performed through Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method in this study. Near field earthquake has a pulse like effects on the structures. It imports immediate force in very short duration to buildings. Therefore, destructive effects of surge energy are not negligible. Four intensity indices are used, namely, peak acceleration (PGA), spectral acceleration at the structure??s first-mode period (Sa(T1, 5%)), spectral acceleration at the structure??s nth effective-mode period (Sa(Tn, 5%)) and the Spectral velocity at the structure??s first-mode period (Sv(T1, 5%)). Numerical results illustrate that the intensity measure parameters related to ground velocity and the higher mode-related parameters present better correlation with the seismic responses of near source ground motion for given systems. The higher mode-related parameters are more suitable for tall systems subjected to near field earthquakes. Moreover, the chosen parameters Sa(Tn, 5%) and Sv(T1, 5%) of near-fault impulsive ground motions enhance the performance of intensity measure of corresponding conventional parameters, i.e. Sa(T1, 5%). A comparison for the special and intermediate steel moment resisting frames is made as regard to performance using IDA method. A more efficient performance is observed for the special moment resisting frames compare to intermediate ones.  相似文献   
70.
    
In this work, analytical solutions are presented for the wave propagation in functionally graded (FG) nanoplates using a nonlocal strain gradient theory and four-variable refined plate theory considering the magnetic field. The size effects are included using nonlocal strain gradient theory that has two length scale parameters, and the nanoplate is modeled as a plate using four-variable refined plate theory. From the knowledge of authors, it is the first time that the influences of magnetic field on the wave propagation in FG nanoplates are investigated based on present methodology.  相似文献   
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