Continuous photo-fermentative hydrogen production from lactate and lactate-rich acidified food waste

In the present work, a continuous photo-fermentative hydrogen (H₂) production from lactate was attempted at various hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (48–120 h). Electron balance was made at each operating conditions to elucidate different performances. At 120 h HRT, H₂ production was negligible, while 42% and 52% of substrate electrons diverted towards cell growth and soluble microbial products (SMPs), respectively. After changing HRT to 96 h, H₂ yield jumped to 2.3 mol-H₂/mol-lactate_added with less SMPs production and minimal cell growth. The highest H₂ production rate of 260 mL-H₂/L-fermenter/d was also achieved at 96 h HRT. When HRT was further shortened to 72 and 48 h, H₂ yield dropped to 1.4 and 0.2 mol-H₂/mol-lactate_added, respectively. While almost all of the lactate was degraded at <72 h HRT, only 65% of the lactate was consumed at 48 h HRT. From 200th day, the feedstock was changed to lactate-rich acidified food waste, which was obtained via one-day fermentation of food waste and subsequent centrifugation. At 2 g chemical oxygen demand/L, substrate conversion efficiency reached 35%, which was slightly lower than that of feeding pure lactate. SMPs were found to be mainly consisted of low molecular weight compounds (<500 Da), and the majority of organic matters were aromatic proteins at 120 h HRT and it was shifted to humic-like region in 96 h HRT.     

A three-phase current-fed dc/dc converter with a three-leg high frequency transformer for fuel cells

In this paper, a three-phase current-fed dc/dc converter with an active clamp is introduced, and a new three-phase three-leg high frequency transformer is proposed for the converter. The three-phase dc/dc converter transfers power through transformer leakage inductances in the discontinuous current mode; a single common active clamp branch is employed for zero-voltage switching (ZVS) in all active switches. Further, the converter's three-phase power configuration increases power transfer, and it reduces the rms current per phase, thus reduces conduction losses. Moreover, a delta–delta connection on the three-phase transformer provides parallel current paths and reduces conduction losses in the transformer windings. A three-phase transformer can be constructed by connecting three discrete single-phase transformers, but this process results in a higher volume and higher material costs. Therefore, a new three-phase three-leg high frequency transformer is designed with three discrete cores integrated into a single transformer core. The proposed transformer is analyzed according to the several operating modes of the converter, and its design rules are determined. Experimental results are obtained on a 500-W prototype unit; the design is fully verified and analyzed.