Cross-coupled phase conjugation through two-frequency four-wave mixing in dyes

Two-frequency four-wave mixing in a dye is demonstrated, in which degenerate four-wave mixing is performed simultaneously within the absorption and emission frequency spectra, with two separate sets of beams. The coupling between the two bands gives rise to backward output waves at both frequencies, which are proportional to the phase conjugate of a single probe which can be at either of the two frequencies. Forward-propagating waves which are not conjugated are also generated at both frequencies. The frequency shifted outputs are tunable over the bandwidth of the spectrum in which they lie. A theoretical analysis is performed which is based on a four-level system model of the ground and first excited singlet states in a dye. Resulting are coupled equations, which are solved to yield the efficiencies of the various outputs. Experiments give results in good agreement with the theory.     

Rapid photobleaching of organic laser dyes in continuously operated devices

Rapid bleaching of Rhodamine 6G and several other dyes has been observed in capillary-guide liquid lasers longitudinally pumped atlambda = 5145Å. This bleaching appears to be permanent and is shown to present a severe limitation to the operation of nonflowing continuously excited dye lasers. The rate of bleaching has been measured under a variety of conditions and is found to vary linearly with pump power, independent of geometry.     

Effects of the Gaussian dependence of the fields on the output power of the CW dye laser

The effects of the Gaussian beam characteristics of the pump and laser beams on the behavior of a CW dye laser are examined. No assumption is made regarding the radial distribution of the excited state population. The results are compared to existing theory. It is found that the power out versus pump power curve exhibits a nonlinear shape.     

Methods of plotting temporal range charts and their application in age estimation

The concept of range charts is applied to the evaluation of biostratigraphic zonation. First and last appearances of taxa are calculated and employed to develop a temporal precedence matrix. Temporal range charts are plotted from the precedence matrix. An example of 21 taxa from the Eocene sediments of the Dorog Basin is quoted.     

Preparation Techniques for Hydrotreating Catalysts and Their Influence on the Location of the Metal Oxides and Performance

There have been many studies in the last 30 years on hydrotreating catalysts. The early studies involve various metals and supports and their influence on activity. Later studies have applied bulk and surface analytical techniques to defining the structure of catalysts and to activity [1-4]. Few of the papers try to correlate the bulk and surface properties to the preparation method for a fixed composition, and the resulting performance observed [5].     

Compressible frequency chirping due to slow and fast self-phasemodulation of ultrashort pulses and high-gain dye laser amplifiers

A theoretical investigation was conducted of the amplitude and phase changes in high-gain ultrashort pulse dye laser amplifiers for cases when the beam area is rather small and the pulse spectral center is not located at the amplifier gain peak. Due to high energy densities as well as high intensities, both slow (saturation-induced) and fast (Kerr-type) self-phase modulation can take place. Under certain conditions, these effects can together produce a considerable amount of mostly linear carrier chirp, resulting in compressible bandwidth enhancement. Compression of the amplified pulses is also calculated using quadratic and quadratic-plus-cubic phase compensation     

The optic trajectory is not a lot of use if you want to catch the ball.

According to linear optic trajectory (LOT) theory, fielders use the direction of curvature of the optic trajectory to control the way they run to intercept the ball. Data presented by D. M. Shaffer and M. K. McBeath (2002) as support for LOT theory show that the optic trajectory of balls that will fall behind the fielder provide the cue that LOT theory predicts would send the fielder running forward, not backward. In this article, the authors show that watching these balls would provide the fielder with the cue that the optic acceleration cancellation (OAC) theory of interception predicts would send the fielder running backward. It appears that the fielders studied by Shaffer and McBeath were following the cue predicted by OAC theory, not that predicted by LOT theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electrophysiological Effects of the Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 4 Channel Inhibitor (4-Chloro-2-(2-chlorophenoxy)acetamido) Benzoic Acid (CBA) in Canine Left Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) plays an important role in many tissues, including pacemaker and conductive tissues of the heart, but much less is known about its electrophysiological role in ventricular myocytes. Our earlier results showed the lack of selectivity of 9-phenanthrol, so CBA ((4-chloro-2-(2-chlorophenoxy)acetamido) benzoic acid) was chosen as a new, potentially selective inhibitor. Goal: Our aim was to elucidate the effect and selectivity of CBA in canine left ventricular cardiomyocytes and to study the expression of TRPM4 in the canine heart. Experiments were carried out in enzymatically isolated canine left ventricular cardiomyocytes. Ionic currents were recorded with an action potential (AP) voltage-clamp technique in whole-cell configuration at 37 °C. An amount of 10 mM BAPTA was used in the pipette solution to exclude the potential activation of TRPM4 channels. AP was recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. CBA was used in 10 µM concentrations. Expression of TRPM4 protein in the heart was studied by Western blot. TRPM4 protein was expressed in the wall of all four chambers of the canine heart as well as in samples prepared from isolated left ventricular cells. CBA induced an approximately 9% reduction in AP duration measured at 75% and 90% of repolarization and decreased the short-term variability of APD₉₀. Moreover, AP amplitude was increased and the maximal rates of phase 0 and 1 were reduced by the drug. In AP clamp measurements, CBA-sensitive current contained a short, early outward and mainly a long, inward current. Transient outward potassium current (I_to) and late sodium current (I_Na,L) were reduced by approximately 20% and 47%, respectively, in the presence of CBA, while L-type calcium and inward rectifier potassium currents were not affected. These effects of CBA were largely reversible upon washout. Based on our results, the CBA induced reduction of phase-1 slope and the slight increase of AP amplitude could have been due to the inhibition of I_to. The tendency for AP shortening can be explained by the inhibition of inward currents seen in AP-clamp recordings during the plateau phase. This inward current reduced by CBA is possibly I_Na,L, therefore, CBA is not entirely selective for TRPM4 channels. As a consequence, similarly to 9-phenanthrol, it cannot be used to test the contribution of TRPM4 channels to cardiac electrophysiology in ventricular cells, or at least caution must be applied.     

Mitochondrial localization and temporal expression of the Drosophila melanogaster DnaJ homologous tumor suppressor Tid50

The Drosophila melanogaster tumor suppressor gene lethal(2)tumorous imaginal discs (tid) was identified as a homolog of all dnaJ-like genes known to date which have been well preserved in evolution. Homozygous D. melanogaster l(2)tid mutants l(2)tid1, l(2)tid2 and l(2)tid3 are characterized by neoplastic transformation of the adult integumental primordia, the imaginal discs, and the death at the time of puparium formation. The first part of this study is concerned with the identification and subcellular localization of the l(2)tid-encoded protein, Tid50. The second part examines its tissue specific expression during wild-type development and in tumorous imaginal discs. To specify the function(s) of the Tid50 protein polyclonal rabbit antibodies directed against various domains of it were generated and used for staining of Western blots and whole-mounts and paraffin sections of various tissues isolated from wild-type and mutant tumor-developing animals. To identify the mutational events leading in homozygous l(2)tid mutants to abnormal expression level of l(2)tid-encoded RNA and protein, the mutant gene was isolated from homozygous l(2)tid1 and l(2)tid2 animals and sequenced.