A Review of Dehydration of Various Industrial Sludges

Wastewater characteristics and sludge generation potential of point source categories are reviewed critically. Novel industry-specific sludge dewatering/drying solutions necessary to establish a sustainable model are examined through a detailed literature survey. Knowledge of sludge properties is one of the most critical issues needed to design dewatering/drying equipment. This study focuses on industrial wastewater/sludge characterization. In addition, a comprehensive review of current drying models and technologies is also presented. A summary of the results derived from a novel thin-film-based photonic sludge dewatering/drying study is outlined as an alternative approach for industrial sludge control. Sludge was dried in a tubular quartz reactor (TQR), the inner surface of which was coated with a TiO₂ thin film. The TQR was irradiated with UV A, UV B, and UV C lamps. The consumed and generated energy fluxes through endergonic and exergonic reactions driven by photolysis and photocatalysis were investigated. In addition, the variations in sludge dewatering/drying characteristics were also examined and compared with conventional methods to evaluate the energy requirements.     

The oxidative and lipolytic stability of Yayık butter produced from different species of mammals milk (cow,sheep, goat) yoghurt

Yay?k butter, made from yoghurt, is one of the traditional dairy products in Anatolia In this study, some properties of Yay?k butter produced from cow, sheep, and goat yoghurts have been observed during 30 days of storage at 4–5 °C. In this purpose yoghurts were produced from different species milks then these yoghurts were used as a raw material for production of Yay?k butters samples. On the first day of the storage, differences in pH of serum among the butter produced from different mammals were statistically significant. The highest value of lactic acid was measured in the sample of sheep butter (SB). The level of lactic acid in Yay?k butters was significantly different. Goat butter (GB) had weaker oxidative stability and significantly higher peroxide value than those of other samples. The highest accumulation of the free fatty acids has been detected in sample GB. All samples of Yay?k butter received almost the same score on the first day of the storage, but on day 30 some flavour defects in sample GB were noted by the panelists.     

艾哈迈德·阿德南·萨伊贡艺术中心,伊兹密尔,土耳其

<正>一座建筑的性能应当如何来衡量?除了通过统治当代建筑舆论的美学、技术以及经济价值来进行描述之外,我们还能够如何来阐释一座建筑,尤其是一座致力于庇护那些渴望展现自己的艺术家的建筑?有人会问成功的表演是如何实现的,表演者是如何进行伪装的、又是如何展现自己的?根据海德格尔的理论,当我们看不到钉子的时候,铁锤的表现才是成功的;钉子本身的出现通常表明出现了问题。     

Modelling and optimization of the firing zone of a tunnel kiln to predict the optimal feed locations and mass fluxes of the fuel and secondary air

Optimization of the firing zone was done to minimize the fuel cost as being the objective function by finding the optimal operating variables. These variables are the initial admixed coal (AC) in the brick body, the mass flux and locations of pulverized coal (PC) and the secondary air required for complete combustion. The constraints are the carbon coming from the AC which increases the porosity of the bricks, and should be consumed completely. Two other constraints to avoid thermal shock are the temperature difference between bricks and air, and the maximum heating rate of the bricks. The results were compared to the plant data.     

FUAT – A fuzzy clustering analysis tool

As it is known, fuzzy clustering is a kind of soft clustering method and primarily based on idea of segmenting data by using membership degrees of cases which are computed for each cluster. However, most of the current fuzzy clustering modules packaged in both open source and commercial products have lack of enabling users to explore fuzzy clusters deeply and visually in terms of investigation of different relations among clusters. Furthermore, without a decision maker or an expert, it is hard to decide the number of clusters in fuzzy clustering studies. Therefore, in this study, a desktop software, namely FUAT, is developed to analyze, explore and visualize different aspects of obtained fuzzy clusters which are segmented by fuzzy c-means algorithm. Moreover, to obtain and inform possible natural cluster number, FUAT is equipped with Expectation Maximization algorithm.     

The effects of temperature,radiation, and illumination on current–voltage characteristics of Au/PVA(Co,Zn-doped)/n-Si Schottky diodes

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/(Co-Ni) nanofiber film was fabricated on silicon wafer using electrospinning technique. The topography of the produced PVA/(Co-Ni) nanofiber film was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Au/Poly (vinyl alcohol) (Co, Ni-doped)/n-Si Schottky diode (SD) was thermally formed in evaporating system after the spinning process. At first, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of Au/PVA (Co, Zn-doped)/n-Si SD was measured at the room temperature (300 K). For the investigating the effect of temperature, illumination and radiation on Au/PVA (Co, Zn-doped)/n-Si SD comparatively, the measurement was performed under the illumination intensity of 200 W, at 380K, and finally the radiation dose of 22 kGy respectively. The diode characteristics such as the zero-bias barrier height (ϕ_Bo), ideality factor (n) and series resistance (R_s) were calculated at room temperature and under the condition of high temperature, illumination, and radiation. It was found that these characteristics were affected by the illumination and radiation as well as the temperature. The density of interface states (N_ss) distribution profiles as a function of (E_c - E_ss) extracted from the forward I–V measurements were also affected by illumination and radiation even if just a bit. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Applying error correction codes to achieve security and dependability

We apply Linear Error Correction (LEC) code to a novel encoding scheme to assure two fundamental requirements for transmission channels and storage units: security and dependability. Our design has the capacity to adapt itself to different applications and their various characteristics such as availability, error rate, and vulnerabilities. Based on simple logic operations, our scheme affords fast encryption, scalability (dual or more column erasures), and flexibility (LEC encoder employed as a front end to any conventional compression scheme). Performance results are very promising: Experiments on dual erasures outperform conventional compression algorithms including Arithmetic Coding, Huffman, and LZ77.     

Research on ethanol production and use from sugar beet in Turkey

Emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO₂, CO, CH₄ and NO_X from fossil fuel use are implicated in climate change. The use of bioethanol is one means to reduce fossil fuel use and emissions of greenhouse gases. This study investigated research to produce ethanol from sugar beet and use as fuel in Turkey. The calculated demand for bioethanol amounted to some 220,000 m³ where a 5% ethanol mix in petrol was used. Turkey has the potential to produce 30 million ton of sugar beet, which is sufficient to meet the bioethanol demand.     

A review of gas engine driven heat pumps (GEHPs) for residential and industrial applications

This study reviews gas engine-driven heat pump (GEHP) systems for residential and industrial applications in terms of energetic and exergetic aspects for the first time to the best of the authors’ knowledge. These systems are novel heat pump systems (one of today's promising new technologies). Although the first investigations had been performed at late 1970s, the first merchandized GEHP was produced and introduced in the market in 1985. Gradually, it has become widespread all over the world for various purposes. Main application of GEHPs are for space and water heating/cooling purposes. However, they can be integrated to industrial applications, especially to drying processes.In this study, historical development of GEHP systems was briefly given first. Next, the operation of these systems was described, while studies conducted on them were reviewed and presented in tabulated forms. GEHPs were then modeled for performance evaluation purposes by using energy and exergy analysis methods. Finally, an illustrative example was given, while the results obtained were discussed. In addition, a new project on integration of GEHP systems to food drying processes in Turkey initiated by the authors was introduced. It is expected that this comprehensive study will be very beneficial to everyone involved or interested in the energetic and exergetic design, simulation, analysis and performance of assessment of GEHP systems.     

Effects of sodium caseinate‐ and milk protein concentrate‐based edible coatings on the postharvest quality of Bing cherries

Bing cherries were coated with sodium caseinate‐ or milk protein concentrate‐based edible coatings. Besides the proteins (100 g kg^?1), the coating formulations also included glycerol (about 300 g kg^?1 protein) and either beeswax or a stearic–palmitic acid blend at a concentration of 0, 100 or 300 g lipid phase kg^?1 of protein. All coatings, especially those containing 300 g kg^?1 stearic–palmitic acid blend, successfully reduced water loss of the fruits. The edible coatings had a beneficial effect on the sensory quality of the cherries, and there were significant (p < 0.05) effects of the coating treatments on soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry