Bronchoconstrictor and respiratory effects of neurokinin A in dogs

Neurokinin A (NKA) is the primary bronchoconstrictor tachykinin in the lungs of several species, including humans and has been implicated as an important mediator of inflammatory lung disorders, such as asthma. In this study, we investigated the effect of NKA on airway mechanics (lung resistance, dynamic lung compliance) and respiration (tidal volume, respiratory rate) in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing, male beagle dogs. The dogs were challenged with aerosolized NKA that was delivered from a jet nebulizer to the airways through an endotracheal tube. The challenge consisted of five separate inflations of 600 ml of air/inflation over a 1-min period. Challenge with aerosolized NKA (0.1-1%) produced a dose-dependent increase in lung resistance and a decrease in dynamic lung compliance. The bronchoconstriction induced by 1% NKA peaked at 0.5 min after challenge and had a duration of approximately 5 min. Challenge with 1% NKA also reduced tidal volume and increased respiratory rate. Pretreatment of dogs with the NK-2 receptor antagonist, SR 48968 dose-dependently (1-10 mg/kg, p.o.) blocked the bronchoconstriction and respiratory responses to NKA challenge. Pretreatment with the NK1-receptor antagonist, CP 99994 (1 mg/kg, i. v.) had no effect on the increase in lung resistance and the decrease in dynamic lung compliance due to NKA challenge, but blunted the respiratory response to NKA. Pretreatment of dogs with inhaled ipratropium bromide (0.01%) slightly, but significantly reduced the increase in lung resistance due to NKA challenge but had no effect on the decrease of dynamic lung compliance or on the respiratory responses to NKA. As expected, the bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled methacholine was completely blocked by inhaled ipratropium bromide (0.01%). In conclusion, we have identified an NK2-receptor mediated bronchoconstrictor effect of NKA in dogs. Cholinergic reflexes play a small, but significant role in this response. Furthermore, both NK1 and NK2-receptors appear to be involved with the development of the rapid, shallow breathing response to NKA challenge. These results demonstrate an effect of tachykinins on airway mechanics and ventilatory reflexes in dogs.     

Treatment of functional decline in adults with Down syndrome using selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor drugs

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common cause of functional decline in Down syndrome (DS) adults. Acquired cognitive deficits may be difficult to evaluate in the context of baseline impairments. Behavioral symptoms are also common and may represent the effects of depression, AD, or both. Therefore, the objective of this study was to report a clinical case series of selected adults with DS and behavioral change who responded to treatment with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication. Six patients, aged 23 to 63 years, 5 women and 1 man, with the clinical diagnosis of DS presented for diagnosis and treatment of functional decline in adult life. Noncognitive symptoms were prominent and included aggression, social withdrawal, and compulsive behaviors. Memory dysfunction was reported in varying degrees. Treatment with SSRI antidepressants was instituted for depressive, apathetic, and compulsive behaviors. Treated patients showed improvement in behaviors as reported by caregivers, and on objective measures, such as workplace productivity. Noncognitive symptoms are a cardinal feature of functional decline in adults with DS and may represent either depression or AD. In some patients, the symptoms respond well to SSRI agents with concomitant improvement in daily function. Treatment trials with SSRIs may, therefore, be warranted in such cases.     

Interleukin-8 concentration predicts the neutrophil count in middle ear effusion

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophilic chemoattractant and inflammatory cytokine, is present in middle ear effusions (MEEs) of children with otitis media and is thought to be responsible for the accumulation of neutrophils in MEEs. We hypothesized that IL-8 concentration predicts the total number and proportion of neutrophils in MEEs. IL-8 concentration and total and differential cell counts were measured in MEEs of children undergoing tympanostomy tube placement for otitis media. IL-8 was present in 80 (98%) of 82 effusions. The mean +/- SEM value for IL-8 was 7342 +/- 847 pg/mL. The mean +/- SEM count and percentage of neutrophils were 1.34 x 10(6) +/- 3.44 x 10(5) and 70.6 +/- 3.1%, respectively. IL-8 concentrations correlated positively with the total number (r = +0.30; P = 0.02) and percentage of neutrophils (r = +0.32; P = 0.01) in the effusion. Additionally, purulent effusions had greater IL-8 concentrations (P = 0.003) and greater neutrophil count (P = 0.03) than mucoid or serous effusions. We conclude that IL-8 is consistently present in MEEs of children and IL-8 concentration predicts the total number and proportion of neutrophils. Furthermore, IL-8 concentration and the total number of neutrophils correlate positively with the type of effusion. These results support the hypothesis that IL-8 recruits neutrophils to the middle ear in MEEs.     

Regulation of MHC class I heterodimer stability and interaction with TAP by tapasin

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are heterodimers of a class I heavy chain and beta 2-microglobulin that bind peptides supplied by the MHC region-encoded transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP). Peptide binding by class I heterodimers is necessary for their maturation into stable complexes and is dependent on their physical association with TAP. In human mutant 721.220 cells, however, a novel genetic defect causes the failure of class I heterodimers to associate with TAP. This deficiency correlates with lack of expression of a glycoprotein, tapasin (TAP-associated glycoprotein), which has been found in association with class I heterodimers and TAP. Employing a transcomplementation analysis, we obtained evidence co-localizing the genetic defect of mutant 220 cells and the structural or a regulatory gene controlling the expression of tapasin on the short arm of chromosome 6, which includes the MHC. Expression of tapasin and the normal interaction of class I heterodimers with TAP are concomitantly restored, indicating the probable function of tapasin as a physical link between these complexes. In further support of this model, the absence of tapasin in mutant 220 cells correlates with reduced class I heterodimer stability, suggesting that tapasin may stabilize class I heterodimers and thereby enhance their association with TAP. These results further implicate tapasin in a mechanism that promotes peptide binding by class I heterodimers through their interaction with TAP.     

A laminar flow superfusion technique with much increased sensitivity for the detection of smooth muscle-stimulating substances

The classical superfusion technique was modified by immersing the isolated assay tissues in mineral oil, making it possible to superfuse the preparations through the oil with a drip of Krebs solution at very low flow rates (0.1 - 0.2 ml/min). In this way the sensitivity of the preparation for the detection and quantitation of endogenous biologically active substances was extended to the picogram level.     

Clinical vs quantitative evaluation of cutaneous sensation

A comparison of the evaluation of cutaneous sensation by neurologic examination and by quantitative assessment in 107 patients with various neuromuscular disease has shown that there is a reasonably good correlation between the recognition of abnormalities of cutaneous sensation by clinical and by quantitative methods. Clinical neurologists tend to underestimate abnormalities of touch-pressure sensation. The quantitative evaluation of cutaneous sensation is useful in quality control of the clinical examination, in correlating the nature of sensation loss with the compound action potential and morphometry of biopsied nerve, in providing a score of sensation to follow the course and the effect of treatment protocols, and in monitoring for an adverse effect on sensation by an environmental or industrial poison. There is a good correlation between abnormality of touch-pressure sensation and loss of large myelinated fibers of sural nerve in neuropathy.