Computational fluid dynamics coupled with the radiant transport equation was used to simulate oxalic acid photodegradation in a TiO2-coated glass-bead photoreactor irradiated by end-emitting optical fibre (EEOF) or side-emitting optical fibre (SEOF) bundles. Light irradiance distributions in the photoreactor were modelled for specular, partially specular and diffusive reactor wall reflectivities with specularly reflective reactor walls best representing the experimental data. The light irradiance distribution for the SEOF bundle was found to be more uniform along the fibre length than for the EEOF bundle. Under the experimental radiant power input (108 mW) the EEOF and SEOF bundles exhibited similar oxalic acid photodegradation rates. However, the developed model demonstrated that at incident radiant power more than ten times greater than the experimental power used, a uniform light distribution gave faster oxalic acid photodegradation with the relative improvement of the SEOF bundle over the EEOF bundle increasing with increasing radiant power. This was attributed to increased electron-hole recombination in photocatalytic surfaces close to the EEOF tip, induced by the increased light irradiance in this region. The model also demonstrated a constant light irradiance profile along the length of a SEOF bundle giving an improved photocatalytic performance when compared to linear or exponentially decaying light profiles. 相似文献
Here we present the rational design and synthetic methodologies towards proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for the recently-emerged target leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Two highly potent, selective, brain-penetrating kinase inhibitors were selected, and their structure was appropriately modified to assemble a cereblon-targeting PROTAC. Biological data show strong kinase inhibition and the ability of the synthesized compounds to enter the cells. However, data regarding the degradation of the target protein are inconclusive. The reasons for the inefficient degradation of the target are further discussed. 相似文献
We present a new type of piezoelectric nanopositioner called KoalaDrive which can have a diameter less than 2.5 mm and a length smaller than 10 mm. The new operating principle provides a smooth travel sequence and avoids shaking which is intrinsic to nanopositioners based on inertial motion with sawtooth driving signals. In scanning probe microscopy, the KoalaDrive can be used for the coarse approach of the tip or sensor towards the sample. Inserting the KoalaDrive in a piezo tube for xyz-scanning integrates a complete scanning tunneling microscope (STM) inside a 4 mm outer diameter piezo tube of <10 mm length. The use of the KoalaDrive makes the scanning probe microscopy design ultracompact and accordingly leads to a high mechanical stability. The drive is UHV, low temperature, and magnetic field compatible. The compactness of the KoalaDrive allows building a multi-tip STM as small as a single tip STM. 相似文献
Due to concerns about excessive sedentary exposure for office workers, alternate work positions such as standing are being trialled. However, prolonged standing may have health and productivity impacts, which this study assessed. Twenty adult participants undertook two hours of laboratory-based standing computer work to investigate changes in discomfort and cognitive function, along with muscle fatigue, movement, lower limb swelling and mental state. Over time, discomfort increased in all body areas (total body IRR [95% confidence interval]: 1.47[1.36–1.59]). Sustained attention reaction time (β = 18.25[8.00–28.51]) deteriorated, while creative problem solving improved (β = 0.89[0.29–1.49]). There was no change in erector spinae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris or tibialis anterior muscle fatigue; low back angle changed towards less lordosis, pelvis movement increased, lower limb swelling increased and mental state decreased. Body discomfort was positively correlated with mental state. The observed changes suggest replacing office work sitting with standing should be done with caution.
Practitioner Summary: Standing is being used to replace sitting by office workers; however, there are health risks associated with prolonged standing. In a laboratory study involving 2 h prolonged standing discomfort increased (all body areas), reaction time and mental state deteriorated while creative problem-solving improved. Prolonged standing should be undertaken with caution. 相似文献
We examined the association of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) with workplace sitting, standing and stepping time, as well as sitting and standing time accumulation (i.e. usual bout duration of these activities), measured objectively with the activPAL3 monitor. Using baseline data from the Stand Up Victoria trial (216 office workers, 14 workplaces), cross-sectional associations of occupational activities with self-reported MSS (low-back, upper and lower extremity symptoms in the last three months) were examined using probit regression, correcting for clustering and adjusting for confounders. Sitting bout duration was significantly (p < 0.05) associated, non-linearly, with MSS, such that those in the middle tertile displayed the highest prevalence of upper extremity symptoms. Other associations were non-significant but sometimes involved large differences in symptom prevalence (e.g. 38%) by activity. Though causation is unclear, these non-linear associations suggest that sitting and its alternatives (i.e. standing and stepping) interact with MSS and this should be considered when designing safe work systems.
Practitioner summary: We studied associations of objectively assessed occupational activities with musculoskeletal symptoms in office workers. Workers who accumulated longer sitting bouts reported fewer upper extremity symptoms. Total activity duration was not significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. We underline the importance of considering total volumes and patterns of activity time in musculoskeletal research. 相似文献
The enthalpy of formation of lanthanum zirconate, La2Zr2O7, which is shown to have a distorted pyrochlore structure, was determined. High-temperature solution calorimetry in molten lead borate was used to determine the heat of formation from the constituent oxides as −135.8 ± 6.4 kJ/mol at 974 K. Using additional data on the enthalpies of formation of the oxides and heat contents, this value was converted to a standard enthalpy of formation from the elements: ΔfH°298.15=−4130.4 ± 6.8 kJ/mol. 相似文献
The use of high strength steel in construction has recently provided some challenges to structural engineers. One such challenge is to minimise the cross-section dimensions as the material provides higher strength, which brings great economic benefits. However, high strength steels exhibit high yield ratios and limited deformation capacity when compared to mild steel grades. This behaviour can be particularly important when structures are designed for abnormal loading conditions that produce inelastic deformations. In this situation, both members and connections have to develop sufficient ductility. The connections between members, in particular, are the regions where the material is exposed to higher deformation demands. To address these topics, an experimental investigation was undertaken of moment connections with end-plates made up of the high strength steel S690. The major contributions of this study are (i) the characterisation of the nonlinear behaviour, (ii) the validation of current Eurocode 3 specifications and (iii) the ductility analysis of high strength steel moment connections. The test results show that the tested connections satisfy the current design provisions for stiffness and resistance and achieve reasonable rotation demands. 相似文献