Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands can be a cause of failed cervical exploration for hyperparathyroidism

BACKGROUND: The incidence of intrathyroidal parathyroid glands remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence in a series of patients with hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: Three hundred nine patients underwent parathyroidectomy. Patients were divided into two groups: uniglandular disease versus hyperplasia. RESULTS: Eighteen of 309 patients (6%) had abnormal intrathyroidal parathyroid glands. The incidence was 3% (7 of 222) in patients with uniglandular disease versus 15% (11 of 73) in those with hyperplasia. With a mean follow-up of 54 months, 12 patients are eucalcemic, 5 have persistent hypocalcemia, and 1 has recurrent hypercalcemia. There were no recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that an intrathyroidal adenoma is an uncommon cause of failure, whereas abnormal intrathyroidal parathyroid tissue may be a more common cause of failure in patients with hyperplasia.     

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and alcohol dependency: variation in response to alcohol intake among different groups of patients

1. The effects of rilmakalim, a potassium channel opener, were studied on rabbit cardiac Purkinje, ventricular muscle and atrial fibers, with the use of conventional microelectrode techniques. 2. Rilmakalim (0.24-7.2 microM) shortened, in a concentration-dependent manner, the action potential duration (APD) in Purkinje and ventricular muscle without affecting other parameters of the action potential. Pinacidil (30-300 microM) also decreased the APD of Purkinje fibers. 3. Rilmakalim (2.4 microM) and cromakalim (100 microM) hyperpolarized and abolished abnormal automaticity of cardiac Purkinje fibers pretreated with barium (0.2-0.3 mM). Glibenclamide (5 microM) blocked the hyperpolarizing effect. 4. Stable early afterdepolarizations induced in Purkinje fibers by berberine (100 microM) were reversibly blocked by rilmakalim (2.4 microM), which also suppressed late afterdepolarizations induced in Purkinje fibers treated with ouabain (0.3-0.5 microM). 5. The rate of spontaneous discharges of the rabbit sinoatrial node was not affected by rilmakalim (7.2 microM) or by pinacidil (100 microM). Both agents were also unable to affect the APD of atrial muscle fibers. 6. In cardiac Purkinje fibers, tetraethylammonium (TEA; 20 mM) significantly reduced the effects of rilmakalim (2. 4 microM) on the APD. However, neither TEA nor glibenclamide (100 microM) reduced the shortening of the APD induced by dinitrophenol (30 microM) or by salicylate (1 mM).     

打造现代感十足的人像摄影作品

<正>Ben Brain向大家展示如何使用黑白等调整图层将一幅普通的人像照片变得现代感十足。和很多创意产业一样,摄影行业也有属于自己的潮流。只需要看看Flickr或者印刷精美的杂志,我们就能发现流行趋势。有     

10大关键单反技巧

无论你是刚刚学习摄影的新手,还是处于瓶颈期的老手,重新开始学习基础知识,都能给你带来新的突破。现在就让Chris Rutter给大家提供十条能够提高自己拍摄水平的必备技巧。或许数十年的磨练,才能带来一幅精彩的作品;但无论水平高低,掌握一些基础的摄影技巧或许就能拍摄出让人刮目相看的照片。接下来,我们就打算向大家介绍十条每个摄影师都应该掌握的基础拍摄技巧,从对焦到构图、从白平衡到光线条件,一针见血地指出初学者的常见问题,提高对于基本技巧的掌握,帮助大家使用最简单的方