Interfacial Composition of Sodium Caseinate Emulsions

Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate were prepared and diluted with water or solutions of α_sl- or β-casein. The emulsions were aged for 24 hr and the composition of the aqueous phase (and hence of the surface) was determined using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. There was no distinct preference for either α_sl- or β-casein at the surface during homogenization, but on aging, β-casein replaced some, but not all, of the surface α_sl-casein. The exchange was stoichiometric, unless the initial surface concentration was low, in which case extra adsorption occurred to achieve a protein load of - 1.2 mg m^-2. Build up of multilayers was not observed.     

Application of output structural controllability to a thermally integrated distillation sequence

Structural approaches to synthesizing the control system are gaining popularity. At the early stages of the process design, information on process control systems is available only in the structural form involving qualitative information on relationships between the process variables, so that a structural approach is the most appropriate option for control system design at this stage. A thermally integrated distillation sequence was studied for the design of control structures during the early process design stage. A new structural approach is used to synthesize automatically the best control structure.     

EFFECT OF WASHING ON THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTENT OF SEAL MEAT

Effects of washing on the amino acid composition and connective tissue content of mechanically separated seal meat (MSSM) was studied. Aqueous washing of MSSM resulted in a considerable decrease in histidine, and to a lesser extent, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, taurine and valine content of the samples. However, the concentration of glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and dominant components of connective tissues, was increased. Thus, the predicted PER values of washed meats decreased by up to 11.7%, and the content of connective tissues in the final product was increased by a factor of approximately four. The lipid and hemoprotein content of washed seal meat was decreased by 30% and 68%, respectively.     

Uptake and Fate of Ascorbic Acid-2-Phosphate in Infiltrated Fruit and Vegetable Tissue

Ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AAP) and ascorbic acid (AA) were infiltrated into apple and potato tissue to control browning. Apple tissue absorbed more AAP and AA than potato under similar conditions. AAP hydrolysis by endogenous acid phosphatase (APase) yielded AA which accumulated or became oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, depending on the rate of hydrolysis and browning tendencies of samples. APase activity varied greatly with commodity, method of sample preparation and sample pH. Variation in the ability of AAP to inhibit browning in different products could be explained by these factors.     

BS 5750–the motorway to total quality management*

In the United Kingdom the traditional approach to quality has been superseded by a more comprehensive system of total quality management. The market leaders are convinced that their key to customer satisfaction and profitable success is quality. They have elevated it to primary position in their corporate strategy. BS 5750, the British Standard for Quality Systems, has become a vital benchmark in assessing an operation's overall approach to quality. Accredited companies have a head start not only in Europe, with a potential market of 320 million consumers, but also the w orld. Quality is the marketplace weapon for the 1990, and BS 5750 signposts the route and lays the foundations for total quality management programmes.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Na+ Resistivity of Vitreous Silica

The dc resistivity of fused quartz with respect to Na⁺ ions was measured at temperatures up to 750°C, using β-alumina as the sodium source. Heat treatment in air at 1100°C gave minima in resistivity at times which depended on the choice of either a high-OH or a low-OH glass. The initial fall in resistivity is explained by the stabilization of the glass to a more open structure and the later increase is attributed to a blocking effect of "permanent" hydroxyl groups, which slowly enter the glass as atmospheric water.     

BRINGING UP ROBOT: FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS FOR CREATING A SELF-MOTIVATED,SELF-ORGANIZING ARCHITECTURE

We propose an intrinsic developmental algorithm that is designed to allow a mobile robot to incrementally progress through levels of increasingly sophisticated behavior. We believe that the core ingredients for such a developmental algorithm are abstractions, anticipations, and self-motivations. We describe a multilevel, cascaded discovery and control architecture that includes these core ingredients. As a first step toward implementing the proposed architecture, we explore two novel mechanisms: a governor for automatically regulating the training of a neural network and a path-planning neural network driven by patterns of “mental states” that represent protogoals.     

Balanced singular values for LQG/LTR design

Multivariate design methods based on robustness results for the linear-quadratic regulator or for the Kalman filter require selection of either state/control weighting matrices or process/measurement noise covariance matrices that yield loop return ratios satisfying user-specified design criteria. Such criteria include disturbance rejection, command following, closed-loop bandwidth and robustness to unstructured uncertainty. The standard method of achieving this first ‘balances’ the singular values of the return ratio of the design at either zero or infinite frequency. An algorithm is described in this paper for ‘balancing’ these singular values at arbitrary frequencies, providing additional design flexibility.