Conservative and Stable Degree Preserving SBP Operators for Non-conforming Meshes

Non-conforming numerical approximations offer increased flexibility for applications that require high resolution in a localized area of the computational domain or near complex geometries. Two key properties for non-conforming methods to be applicable to real world applications are conservation and energy stability. The summation-by-parts (SBP) property, which certain finite-difference and discontinuous Galerkin methods have, finds success for the numerical approximation of hyperbolic conservation laws, because the proofs of energy stability and conservation can discretely mimic the continuous analysis of partial differential equations. In addition, SBP methods can be developed with high-order accuracy, which is useful for simulations that contain multiple spatial and temporal scales. However, existing non-conforming SBP schemes result in a reduction of the overall degree of the scheme, which leads to a reduction in the order of the solution error. This loss of degree is due to the particular interface coupling through a simultaneous-approximation-term (SAT). We present in this work a novel class of SBP–SAT operators that maintain conservation, energy stability, and have no loss of the degree of the scheme for non-conforming approximations. The new degree preserving discretizations require an ansatz that the norm matrix of the SBP operator is of a degree \(\ge 2p\), in contrast to, for example, existing finite difference SBP operators, where the norm matrix is \(2p-1\) accurate. We demonstrate the fundamental properties of the new scheme with rigorous mathematical analysis as well as numerical verification.     

Comparative studies on the enzymatic absorption of protein hydrolysates in the small intestine of the rat. 3. The absorption trypsins thermatatic and trypsin-thermatatic hydrolysates of a fava bean protein isolate compared to an equimolar mixture of free amino acids

Tryptic, thermitatic, and tryptic-thermitatic Faba bean protein hydrolyzates as well as their equimolar mixture of amino acids were perfused through proximal and distal parts of the intestine (10 cm length) of non-narcotized rats. The total amino-acid concentration of the perfused solution was 50 mM. The absorption of nitrogen and total amino acids from the tryptic and tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates was lower than that from the amino-acid mixture, the absorption from the thermitatic hydrolyzate was in accordance with that from the amino-acid mixture. The absorption pattern of the amino acids which preferably undergo a peptidic absorption is similar with the three hydrolyzates: in the proximal intestinal part this concerns glutamic acid and serine, in the distal intestinal part--methionine, alanine, glycin, and serine. The absorption pattern of the amino acids is different between the three hydrolyzates and the amino-acid mixture. Between the absorption pattern of the amino acids from the three hydrolyzates little differences were evident only in the proximal intestinal part. The coefficients of variation of the tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates are in accordance with those of the amino-acid mixture, whereas that of the thermitatic hydrolyzates is significantly lower. In the distal intestinal part all supplied forms are more rapidly absorbed than in the proximal part of the intestine.     

Comparative studies on the enzymatic absorption of protein hydrolysates in the small intestines of the rat. 3. The absorption of trypsin, thermitatic and trypsin thermitatic wheat gluten hydrolysates in comparison with equimolar mixtures of free amino acids

Tryptic, thermitatic, and tryptic-thermitatic wheat-gluten hydrolyzates as well as their equimolar amino-acid mixture were perfused through proximal and distal parts of the intestine (10 cm length) of non-narcotized rats. The total amino-acid concentration of the perfused solution was 50 mM. The tryptic hydrolyzate showed a significantly lower absorption of nitrogen and total amino acids than the amino-acid mixture. Both the supplied forms were very different as to their absorption pattern of the amino acids. The high variability of the percental absorption of the individual amino acids of the tryptic hydrolyzate results in a high coefficient of variation. The absorption of nitrogen and total amino acids from thermitatic and tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzates is equal to that from the amino-acid mixture. In a peptidic form glutamic acid is more rapidly absorbed from the two hydrolyzates, and methionine from the tryptic-thermitatic hydrolyzate in both the intestinal parts. As to alanine and glycine this concerns only the distal intestinal part for both the hydrolyzates. There are no differences between the absorption patterns of the two hydrolyzates but in comparison with the amino-acid mixture and the tryptic hydrolyzate differences were evident. The coefficients of variation of both the hydrolyzates are significantly lower as compared to those of the tryptic hydrolyzate and the amino-acid mixture. All forms of supply are more rapidly absorbed in the distal than in the proximal part of the intestine.     

Illustrative stream surfaces

Stream surfaces are an intuitive approach to represent 3D vector fields. In many cases, however, they are challenging objects to visualize and to understand, due to a high degree of self-occlusion. Despite the need for adequate rendering methods, little work has been done so far in this important research area. In this paper, we present an illustrative rendering strategy for stream surfaces. In our approach, we apply various rendering techniques, which are inspired by the traditional flow illustrations drawn by Dallmann and Abraham \& Shaw in the early 1980s. Among these techniques are contour lines and halftoning to show the overall surface shape. Flow direction as well as singularities on the stream surface are depicted by illustrative surface streamlines. ;To go beyond reproducing static text book images, we provide several interaction features, such as movable cuts and slabs allowing an interactive exploration of the flow and insights into subjacent structures, e.g., the inner windings of vortex breakdown bubbles. These methods take only the parameterized stream surface as input, require no further preprocessing, and can be freely combined by the user. We explain the design, GPU-implementation, and combination of the different illustrative rendering and interaction methods and demonstrate the potential of our approach by applying it to stream surfaces from various flow simulations. ;     

An integral system‐ergonomic approach for IT‐based process management in complex work environments by example of manufacturing and health care

Recent trends in manufacturing and health care move these two work systems closer together from a system ergonomics point of view. Individual treatment of products, especially patients, by specialists in a distributed environment demand information technology (IT)‐based support suitable for complex systems. IT‐based support of processes in complex systems is difficult due to the lack of standard processes. IT support also means to rethink processes to use efficiency potentials. Close cooperation of users and software developers is needed to increase the ergonomic quality of the system. Therefore, suitable tools are needed: UML is available as the standard industry modeling language, Zope/Plone as the quasi‐standard for content management systems, SimPy as an object‐oriented simulation tool for event‐triggered processes, and ACT‐R as a powerful cognitive architecture for simulation of human information processes. The integration of these tools enables system‐ergonomic support of processes in the complex work system as well as of the development and deployment process. It is the base of an integral system‐ergonomic approach for IT‐based process management. Knowledge gained during process analysis either enters models or leads to the extension and adaptation of the tool chain. The models serve as basis for discussion among system ergonomists, programmers, and specialists from the work system. Further, they are understood by simulation and process support tools. Transcoding efforts between humans with different professional backgrounds and machines are reduced, and the flexibility demanded by complex systems is met. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The micromilling process for high aspect ratio microstructures

 High aspect ratio microstructures are currently created by several processes which include lithography (X-ray, deep ultraviolet, etc.) and mechanical machining (diamond machining, microdrilling, etc.). The lithographic processes require more extensive processing equipment such as an energy source, mask/mask holder/mask aligner, photoresist and substrate, and chemical development capacity. In addition, these processes are serial in nature and each adds to the tolerances of the finished structure. The current mechanical processes provide for the direct removal of the substrate material in a single step but are more limited in the geometric patterns which can be created. In conventional machining, the process which provides the most versatility in geometric patterns is milling. The micromilling process has two basic components. The first is the fabrication of small milling cutters with very sharp cutting edges. The second is the actual removal of the workpiece material with a very precise and repeatable machine tool. Several basic cutter designs have been fabricated using focused ion beam micromachining and are undergoing testing. The cutter diameters are nominally 100 micrometers and 22 micrometers. Results have been obtained which show that this process can be very effective for the rapid fabrication of molds and mask structures. Received: 30 October 1995 / Accepted: 4 March 1996     

Innovative approaches in integrated assessment modelling of European air pollution control strategies – Implications of dealing with multi-pollutant multi-effect problems

In this paper, crucial aspects of the implications and the complexity of interconnected multi-pollutant multi-effect assessments of both air pollution control strategies and the closely related reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will be discussed. The main aims of the work described here are to identify the core problems which occur when trying to apply current state-of-the-art methodology to conduct integrated assessments – in this context, cost-benefit assessment (CBA) as well as cost-effectiveness assessment (CEA) – using sophisticated computer models and propose solutions to the problems identified. The approaches described will display the integrated use of databases, efficient algorithms and already existing software tools and models in a unified model framework. The first part of the paper discusses the need for new developments in one particular field of Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which is the use of (typically) country-specific single pollutant abatement cost curves, which have been applied in a large number of modelling approaches with the aim to find cost-effective solutions for given air quality targets. However, research conducted to find such cost-effective solutions for the non-linear problem of tropospheric ozone abatement (dealing with two primary pollutants and their rather complex relationship to form tropospheric ozone, [see] [Friedrich, R., Reis, S. (Eds.), 2000. Tropospheric Ozone Abatement – Developing Efficient Strategies for the Reduction of Ozone Precursor Emissions in Europe. Springer Publishers] identified basic problems of cost curve based approaches even in this two-pollutant case. The approach discussed here promises to solve the key problems identified, making extensive use of databases in order to provide fast and high quality model input for CEA and CBA. In addition to that, the application of Genetic Algorithms will be discussed as a means to address extremely complex, vast solution spaces which are typical for the tasks IAMs are set to solve nowadays. As the application of the model in extensive assessment studies is currently under way, it is yet too early for a full evaluation of lessons learned. However, initial tests of performance and behaviour have shown robust and promising results.     

The influence of training level on manual flight in connection to performance,scan pattern,and task load

This work focuses on the analysis of pilots’ performance during manual flight operations in different stages of training and their influence on gaze strategy. The secure and safe operation of air traffic is highly dependent on the individual performances of the pilots. Before becoming a pilot, he/she has to acquire a broad set of skills by training to pass all the necessary qualification and licensing standards. A basic skill for every pilot is manual control operations, which is a closed-loop control process with several cross-coupled variables. Even with increased automation in the cockpit, the manual control operations are essential for every pilot as a last resort in the event of automation failure. A key element in the analysis of manual flight operations is the development over time in relation to performance and visual perception. An experiment with 28 participants (including 11 certified pilots) was conducted in a Boeing 737 simulator. For defined flight phases, the dynamic time warping method was applied to evaluate the performance for selected criteria, and eye-tracking methodology was utilized to analyze the gaze-pattern development. The manipulation of workload and individual experience influences the performance and the gaze pattern at the same time. Findings suggest that the increase of workload has an increased influence on pilots depending on the flight phase. Gaze patterns from experienced pilots provide insights into the training requirements of both novices and experts. The connection between workload, performance and gaze pattern is complex and needs to be analyzed under as many differing conditions. The results imply the necessity to evaluate manual flight operations with respect to more flight phases and a detailed selection of performance indications.

     

Assessment of physical strain in younger and older subjects using heart rate and scalings of perceived exertion

Physical strain is usually evaluated physiologically by using the heart rate (HR) or psychologically using scaled perceived exertion (PE). In order to explore the relationship between these approaches, we compared the series of both measurements taken simultaneously during work on a bicycle ergometer. A total of 29 participants aged between 27 and 41, 42 and 56, and 57 and 71 years took part in 28 minutes of cycling with systematically increased and decreased load as well as in 7 hours of continuous cycling with low to medium exertion, interrupted by brief peak loads at high to very high exertion levels. Results revealed that, while both measurements are suitable to capture physical strain, HR is not as specific as PE. The older participants further perceived comparable physical loads as more demanding as the younger participants. With an aging workforce, results have potential implications for the organisation of work places.