Estimation of heat losses from the receivers for solar energy collecting system of Korea Institute of Energy Research

Heat losses from the receivers for a dish-type solar energy collecting system constructed at Korea Institute of Energy Research are analyzed. The Stine and McDonald's model is used to estimate the convection loss. The Net Radiation method and the Monte-Carlo method are used to calculate the radiation heat transfer rate from the inside surface of the receiver to the surroundings. Two different receivers are suggested here and the performances of the receivers are estimated and compared with each other based on the prediction of the amount of heat losses from the receivers. The effects of the receiver shape and the radiation properties of the surface on the thermal performance are investigated. The performance of Receiver I is better than that of Receiver II, and the amount of solar irradiation that is not captured by the receiver after being reflected by the concentrator becomes significant if the temperature of the working fluid is low.     

Analyses of archaeal communities in Doenjang and Ganjang using a culture-independent manner based on 16S rRNA sequences

The archaeal diversity in the soybean fermented food was analysed by culture-independent methods based on the 16S rRNA sequences. The 21 doenjang archaea — clones from the doenjang library were grouped into 5 groups: uncultured archaeon clone AE34 (42.8%), uncultured archaeon clone AS17 (28.6%), uncultured compost archaeon clone 4A29 (4.8%), uncultured compost archaeon clone 0A10 (19.0%), and uncultured compost archaeon clone 5A16 (4.8%). The 21 ganjang archaea — clones from the ganjang library were grouped into 5 groups: Halophilic archaeon MH1-34-1 (19.0%), H. archaeon MH1-16-3 (61.9%), Halococcus thailandensis (4.8%), Haloplanus sp. RO5-8 (9.5%), and H. archaeon MH1-136-2 (4.8%).     

Development of easy and efficient methods for quantitative analysis of ethyl carbamate using GC-MS in various fermented foods

To develop more efficient quantitative analysis of ethylcarbamate in fermented food, the major disturbance was identified as diethyl succinate on GC-MS through matching with mass fragmentation pattern on mass library and comparison of retention time. And the clean-up method was developed based on the difference of partition coefficient between ethyl carbamate and diethyl succinate. Finally, a washing step was added with 1% dichloromethane in n-hexane on diatomaceous earth cartridge, and successfully applied to remove diethyl succinate from the matrix. The developed method showed acceptable recovery rate (69.5–88.4%) and limit of quantitation (1.0–1.2 ng/mL) on several fermented foods.     

Implicit and explicit attitudes predict smoking cessation: Moderating effects of experienced failure to control smoking and plans to quit.

The current study tested implicit and explicit attitudes as prospective predictors of smoking cessation in a Midwestern community sample of smokers. Results showed that the effects of attitudes significantly varied with levels of experienced failure to control smoking and plans to quit. Explicit attitudes significantly predicted later cessation among those with low (but not high or average) levels of experienced failure to control smoking. Conversely, however, implicit attitudes significantly predicted later cessation among those with high levels of experienced failure to control smoking, but only if they had a plan to quit. Because smoking cessation involves both controlled and automatic processes, interventions may need to consider attitude change interventions that focus on both implicit and explicit attitudes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TPR and EXAFS Studies on Na-Promoted Co/ZnO Catalysts for Ethanol Steam Reforming

Na-promoted Co/ZnO catalysts were prepared and applied to ethanol steam reforming. TPR and EXAFS analysis demonstrated that Na promoter effectively enhanced the reducibility of Co phase on ZnO with better catalytic activity and selectivity towards H₂ than unpromoted Co/ZnO.     

Removal of hydrogen sulfide in a three phase fluidized bed bioreactor

To remove hydrogen sulfide biologically, a three phase fluidized bed bioreactor was used in whichThiobacillus sp.IW was immobilized on biosands. The optimum operating condition of the bioreactor was found to be 30 ‡C, pH 7, bed height of 0.85–1.0 m and aspect ratio of 1.0. At these conditions, the bioreactor removed more than 88 % of the hydrogen sulfide for an inlet concentration of 30–160 ppm and a gas flow rate of 2–5 Z/m. The maximum removal rate obtained was about 1,000 mg H₂S/min. In continuous operation of the bioreactor, the removal efficiency remained at 99 % for up to 16 hours and decreased to 91 % at 52 hours.     

Auger analysis of the anodic oxide film on iron in neutral solution

The composition depth-profile of anodic oxide films on iron at various potentials in a boric acid-sodium borate solution of pH 8.4 was measured by the sequential use of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and sputter-etching. It was found that the anodic oxide film consisted mainly of oxygen and iron with minor impurities such as boron, sulphur and carbon. The composition ratio of boron or sulphur to oxygen exhibited a maximum value at a certain depth in the outer layer of the film and the maximum value of ($\text{B}\text{O}$) increased with increasing potential up to 500 mV (SCE). The film formation mechanism is discussed from the observed dependence of boron content in the film.     

Fed–batch fermentation of onion vinegar using Acetobacter tropicalis

Food Science and Biotechnology - To produce onion vinegar with high efficiency, various fermentation conditions, such as varying initial ethanol concentrations and the addition of ethanol or onion...     

The preparation and characterization of urushiol powders (YPUOH) based on urushiol

Urushiol and lacquer sap from lacquer tree exhibit good antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. However, they are limited to commercial application due to their high volatility, low drying rate and allergic reaction. To overcome these limitations, solid-type urushiols (YPUOH), which is one of the essential factors for convenient handling in various industrial fields such as functional additives for paints, coating and composite films, were successfully prepared with urushiol and TPM. The reaction mechanism between urushiol and silane coupling agent has been evaluated based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). As-prepared YPUOH powders exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, good antioxidant activity, and high thermal stability.