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121.
Incremental transmission loss analysis has been used for decades, but recent interest in its application to loss allocation calls for new in-depth results. This paper demonstrates that, for incremental methods to be applied correctly in loss allocation, it is first necessary to specify the load distribution and loss supply strategies. Incremental loss allocation among bus power injections is shown to be arbitrary and, therefore, open to challenge as discriminatory. Loss allocation is possible among incremental loads and/or generators, but the proportion of the total losses assigned to either one is arbitrary. Unique, nonarbitrary incremental loss allocations are however possible among the "equivalent" incremental bilateral exchanges between generators and loads. From these basic components it is possible then to calculate the allocation among generators or loads in any specified proportion. The main results, although developed initially for small increments, are extended to large variations. Finally, a general incremental loss allocation algorithm is developed and tested 相似文献
122.
Androstenedione labeled with tritium at positions 1 and 2 was prepared. The molar radioactivity of the sample prepared using homogeneous catalysts was as high as 1.4-1.5 PBq mol-
1. [1,2-3H]Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione can be converted into the [1-3H]steroid with the molar radioactivity of 0.9 PBq mol-
1. 相似文献
123.
Aluminum and magnesium alloys are the base structural materials in aircraft and spacecraft engineering. The main stages of the development and introduction of light alloys are described. 相似文献
124.
微生物活动造成的原油生物降解作用发生地球中大多数的油藏中,人们认为生物降解作用大大降低油藏中原油的质量,为成功寻找工业油藏,理解地质建造中生物降解作用发生的条件与过程是十分重要的,尽管最近的研究推测微生物活动在温度在150℃仍能有效地发生,但是人们普遍认为在地质时代,有效的石油生物降解作用通常发生在温度低于80℃的储层中,然而奇怪的是在温度低于80℃的储层中,还可发现未降解的原油,本文收集了一些油藏中有关生物降解程度的数据,发现未降角原油局限于埋藏浅的冷盆地,这些盆地曾是地球中更深,更热的部位,后经抬升作用形成的,我们认为这石油储层在深埋过程中,在温度为80-90℃时经历了灭菌作用,使得深部生物圈中降解烃类的生物停止活动,尽管这些储层后期抬升到较冷的部位并再次发生石油充注,也不会发生生物降解作用,表明灭菌后的沉积物不再适合降解烃类的细菌生长。 相似文献
125.
The kinetics of changes in the bound water content in dietetic sucrose-free sponge cakes (DC) during storage was investigated. The effect of edible films of polymyxan, pectin, xanthan, and carboxymethylcellulose upon this kinetics was also investigated. The quantitative changes in both states of water (slightly bound water and strongly bound water) were registered by combined dynamic analysis (thermogravimetry analysis, TGA, and differential thermal analysis, DTA). The moisture changes in DC crumb were analyzed by drying out to constant mass. The rate constants were determined according the equation q = qoe-kt. The values of rate constants 'k', in day-1, concerning the different edible films were as follows: for crumb moisture is (8.00 ≤ k ≤ 12.47) × 10-3, for bound water is (3.07 ≤ kw ≤ 6.26) × 10-2, for slightly bound water is (4.22 ≤ k1 ≤ 8.49) × 10-2 and for strongly bound water is (2.02 ≤ k2 ≤ 5.62) × 10-2 as compared to 18.53 × 10-3, 7.16 × 10-2, 9.04 × 10-2, and 5.36 × 10-2 in the uncovered DC, respectively. The best water-retaining effect in respect to crumb moisture during storage was ascertained in the use of polymyxan and xanthan films. The lowest rate constant values for bound water and its two states were measured for DC covered with pectin. The relation between the kinetics of both bound water states during storage and ageing of the crumb of DC covered with different edible films and the crumb microstructure was represented. By means of scanning electron microscope was read the smallest change in crumb microstructure of pectin-covered DC on the sixth day of storage. 相似文献
126.
N. A. Sivov A. I. Martynenko G. N. Bondarenko M. P. Filatova E. Yu. Kabanova N. I. Popova A. N. Sivov E. B. Kruts’ko 《Petroleum Chemistry》2006,46(1):41-59
Structures and compositions of the monomers guanidine acrylate and guanidine methacrylate, their homopolymers, and copolymers with diallyldimethylammonium chloride enriched in acrylate comonomer units were determined. It was shown that ampholytic copolymers, owing to their ionic nature, contained comonomeric guanidine acrylate or methacrylate units and diallyldimethylammonium chloride units, as well as the acrylate comonomer with the diallyl counterion and polymeric acrylate and diallyl ion pairs. It follows from IR and 1H NMR data that guanidine methacrylate has the same structure (with two hydrogen bonds) in the solid state and in solutions. Guanidine acrylate structures in the solid state and in dimethylsulfoxide are identical and analogous to guanidine methacrylate structure in this solvent. In water, the guanidine acrylate structure has another type of hydrogen bonding (with one hydrogen bond, where the proton is shifted toward the guanidine group). These features of hydrogen bonding of guanidine acrylate and guanidine methacrylate are also retained in their homopolymers and copolymers with diallyldimethylammonium chloride. It was shown that the thermal stability of the copolymers was higher than that of their homopolymers, confirming the formation of intramolecular ion pairs of oppositely charged units of ampholytic copolymers. Moreover, the thermal stability of guanidine methacrylate-diallyldimethylammonium chloride copolymers is higher than that of guanidine acrylate-diallyldimethylammonium chloride copolymers. 相似文献
127.
It is established that the capillary rise of a liquid has an oscillatory character, in contrast to the commonly accepted opinion that a vertical capillary is filled at a monotonically varying velocity. The value of the tangential shear stress arising in an ascending liquid is evaluated for ethyl alcohol and distilled water. 相似文献
128.
A. M. Kozodaev O. V. Shvedov V. N. Konev B. Yu. Sharkov V. V. Vasil'ev E. B. Volkov N. V. Lazarev A. M. Raskopin G. G. Shimchuk P. V. Bogdanov A. I. Kiryushin V. V. Petrunin E. I. Azhnin E. I. Tyurin I. I. Titaev Yu. P. Severgin A. Yu. Konstantinov 《Atomic Energy》2003,94(1):56-60
The purpose and current construction status, at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, of an experimental electronuclear setup, combining a pulsed proton linear accelerator (36 MeV, 0.5 mA) and a subcritical blanket thermal-power assembly 100 kW, are discussed. The main equipment is already available or is being built in industry. The setup can be used to investigate the dynamics of the interaction of a linac–driver and a subcritical reactor and problems concerning the accelerator–driver and the target–blanket assembly. The proton beams and neutron fluxes will be used for applied purposes. In the future it will be possible to increase substantially the current and energy of the proton beam. 相似文献
129.
Analysis on the effectiveness of the 20-H rule for printed-circuit-board layout to reduce edge-radiated coupling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Montrose M.I. Er-Ping Li Hong-Fang Jin Wei-Liang Yuan 《Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on》2005,47(2):227-233
This paper presents the quantified study of the electromagnetic radiation mechanism of the 20-H rule using a numerical approach that has not yet been systematically addressed. The 20-H rule is a rule-of-thumb layout technique recommended to minimize radiated fields propagating from the edges of a printed circuit board (PCB) coupling onto nearby structures. Propagating electromagnetic fields may corrupt adjacent cable assemblies, sheet metal enclosures, and aperture openings. The magnitude of this design rule is investigated using the full-wave finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. An analysis on whether benefits exist from use of this rule is examined and under what conditions the rule is valid when correctly implemented. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the validity of the 20-H rule, recognizing that every PCB will have different simulation results. FDTD is used to capture a snapshot view of field propagation. This view allows one to determine the validity of the 20-H rule at a single point of time within a dynamic structure and what may be expected when digital components are finally added to a PCB assembly, which generally negates simulated results. 相似文献
130.