PHYSICAL–CHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY EVALUATION OF GARLIC CULTIVARS

ABSTRACT

Physical–chemical quality of 14 garlic cultivars grown in Spain was analyzed, and the cultivars were classified into three types: purple, white and Chinese, in order to show the possible differences among them. The most useful instrumental color parameter to discriminate among the different types of garlic was lightness (L*). The high pH value of the purple‐type cultivar Moraluz, and the high content of d ‐glucose, d ‐fructose and total sugars of the Chinese‐type cultivars were quite remarkable. The consumer judges preferred the color and pungency of the purple‐type cultivar Morasol, while Chino Sprint stood out for its intense garlic odor. Finally, correlations between the physicochemical and the sensory parameters were studied. The red color intensity was correlated with lightness (L*) and with hue (h*); pH was correlated with chroma (C*) and moisture percentage was correlated with sucrose content.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

One of the main objectives of this work was to advise growers on the selection of garlic seed. The data obtained in this work was sent to a regional research and advising agronomic center (Technical Agronomic Institute, provincial council of Albacete), where advice was given to local growers concerning the selection of the most adequate seeds, in terms of physical– chemical properties and consumer preference, plus agronomic performance (data not included in this article). The conclusions reached in this study will make an important contribution to the agronomic characterization of the garlic cultivars grown in Spain.

     

HARDNESS OF COOKED MILLED RICE BY INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY METHODS

Fifteen milled rice varieties covering the usual range of amylose content and cooked rice hardness were used in a collaborative study to verify the sensitivity of the present objective method for measuring cooked rice hardness. The grains were cooked either in a rice cooker using a fixed water:rice ratio of 2:1, or by boiling in excess water for the predetermined optimum cooking time for each sample followed by draining. Hardness of cooked rice was measured in an Instron Universal Testing Machine (UTM) using two methods: (1) puncture of 100 individual grains and (2) extrusion through a 30 cm² Ottawa Texture Measuring System (OTMS) cell with either a 3.2- or 4.8-mm-diam. holes plate. Hardness values were compared with sensory scores by a trained panel composed of 11 members. Sensory hardness of the rices cooked in a fixed amount of water showed very good correlation with puncture force (r = 0.94, P < 0.01) and with extrusion force through a 3.2-mm-diam. holes plate (r = 0.94). The correlation coefficient between puncture force and extrusion force was 0.97. Paired comparison test by the sensory panel on three pairs of rices verified consumers' claims with respect to preference between members of each pair and agreed with results of ranking test.     

ANTENNAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF GRAPEVINE MOTH <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis> FEMALES TO VOLATILES FROM GRAPEVINE

Grapevine moth Lobesia botrana is the economically most important insect of grapevine Vitis vinifera in Europe. Flower buds, flowers, and green berries of Chardonnay grapevine are known to attract L. botrana for oviposition. The volatile compounds collected from these phenological stages were studied by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, and the antennal response of L. botrana females to these headspace collections was recorded by gas chromatography—electroantennography. The compounds found in all phenological stages, which consistently elicited a strong antennal response, were pentadecane, nonanal, and -farnesene. In a wind tunnel, gravid L. botrana females flew upwind to green grapes, as well as to headspace collections from these berries released by a piezoelectric sprayer release device. However, no females landed at the source of headspace volatiles, possibly due to inappropriate concentrations or biased ratios of compounds in the headspace extracts.     

烟气中烟草特有亚硝胺LC-MS/MS分析方法的改进

为更加快速准确地测定不同类型卷烟烟气中TSNAs含量,进行了液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定条件改进试验。结果表明:①10 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液可以替代100 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液作萃取剂;②萃取液经0.45μm水相滤膜过滤后可直接进行LC-MS/MS仪分析;③同时用NNN-d4,NNK-d4,NAT-d4,NAB-d4作内标定量结果更为准确;④TSNAs的检出限为0.06~0.14 ng/mL,回收率91%~100.6%,RSD 0.76%~5.42%。该方法适用于混合型、烤烟型卷烟样品主流烟气中TSNAs的定量分析。     

重庆植烟土壤有效态微量元素状况分析

为摸清重庆烟区土壤微量元素的分布规律,对该区不同植烟县不同土壤类型的155份土壤样品微量元素含量状况、分布规律及影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:80%～90%的土壤有效锌、有效钼、水溶性氯、有效铁和有效锰的含量较丰富和极其丰富;土壤严重缺硼,75.38%的土壤在不同程度上缺乏有效硼.微量元素含量在不同植烟县和土壤类型上差异均达到极显著水平.不同土壤类型间微量元素综合指数排序为:紫色土(9.92)>山地黄棕壤(7.54)>黑土(5.47)>黄壤(4.86)>石灰性土(3.60).因此,可针对重庆土壤有效硼、钼含量偏低的植烟县和不同土壤类型增施硼、钼肥.针对重庆土壤铁、锰含量过高的现状,生产上可考虑选取偏碱性(pH>7)、有机质含量低的土壤植烟来缓解铁、锰含量过高对烟叶的危害.     

ADAPTIVE PREDICTIVE CONTROL: LIMITS OF STABILITY

This paper summarizes the stability results already derived for predictive and adaptive predictive control, discusses them from an intuitive and practical implementation perspective and, from the same perspective, illustrates them by means of two simulated examples. In this way it recalls the limits of stability when applying predictive control and how they are related to the modelling errors, which may change as the process dynamics changes. Also it recalls how, by adding adaptation to the predictive scheme, this source of instability may be compensated for. Already within the adaptive predictive formulation it considers the limits of stability for different scenarios, particularly when a reduced-order adaptive predictive model cannot account for unmodelled process dynamics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.