EFFECT OF FREEZING AND PACKAGING METHODS ON SURVIVAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF SPOILAGE ORGANISMS ON CHICKEN

SUMMARY— A study was conducted to determine effects of freezing, thawing, and subsequent holding at about 5°C on survival or growth of aerobic bacteria on chicken packaged with various materials. Production of fluorescent pigment, and extracellular proteinase and lipase activities were used as indices of the ability of the organisms to produce spoilage. Growth of bacteria was determined by colony counts. Assays for proteolysis were made by means of a dye binding method; lipolysis of chicken fat was determined by titration of free fatty acids. Fluorescent pigment formation was evaluated by means of a photofluorometer. The influence of availability of oxygen on proteolytic and lipoytic spoilage of poultry was studied after chicken was packaged with materials having high or low oxygen permeability and by vacuum packaging. Fluorescent pigment production, proteofytic and lipolytic spoilage of chicken stored at 5°C was directly related to the availability of oxygen provided by the packaging procedure. Bacterial numbers paralleled increases in biochemical indices of deterioration. Freezing of chicken at −29°C for 35 days followed by defrosting and refrigerated storage increased the proportion of biochemically active psychrophiles on the surface of the meat. Vacuum packaging generally limited amount of spoilage as measured by the criteria specified. When samples were analyzed after alternate freezing and thawing, total aerobic bacterial counts were only slightly different from those on chicken frozen continuously for 22-25 days.     

Sorbic Acid and Potassium Sorbate Permeability of an Edible Methylcellulose-Palmitic Acid Film: Water Activity and pH Effects

The apparent permeability constants for potassium sorbate and sorbic acid through an edible film composed of methylcellulose and palmitic acid (weight ratio 3:1) were evaluated as a function of water activity (a_w) and pH. For films with thickness 55–66 μm, potassium sorbate permeability increased from 2.3 × 10^?10 to 2.0 × 10^?8 (mg/sec cm²)(cm)/(mg/mL) as a_w increased from 0.65 to 0.80. Films were not stable at a_w levels above 0.80. Permeability of the film to sorbic acid at a_w 0.8 decreased from 3.3 × 10^?8 to 9.1 × 10^?10 (mg/sec cm²)(cm)/ (mg/mL) as pH increased from 3 to 7. At pH 3 the undissociated acid was 97.5% and at pH 7 it was 0.4%.     

Characterization of the Effect of Solutes on the Water-Binding and Gel Strength Properties of Carrageenan

The water activity of carrageenan gels with incorporated solutes was determined by cryoscopic osmometry. Kappa (k), kappalambda (kλ) and iota (κ) carrageenan were utilized at concentrations of from 0.1 2% solids producing a sol, viscous sol, and gel. The solutes used were sucrose, NaCl, Na₂SO₄, KCl, NH₄Cl and urea at concentrations ranging from 0.05–1.0 kinetic units per kg H₂O. All the solutes were found to give a_w values as measured cryoscopically withhin 0.0005 units of literature values. The water activity of pure carrageenans at 0.1–2% solids was greater than 0.999. Addition of some solutes increased the water binding of the carrageenan-solute-water system as was found by a lower a_w than expected. This interaction effect increased with increasing concentration of solute and carrageenan and was greater for solutes with lower activity coefficients. The interaction effect increased in the following order: Na₂SO₄, NaCl, KCl, and NH₄ Cl. The force required to rupture the gel was measured using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. Solutes were found to influence the gel strength of k and kλ carrageenans, but not ι carrageenan. The solutes increased kλ carrageenan's gel strength in increasing order: urea, sucrose, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, NH₄Cl, and KCl and k carrageenan's gel strength in increasing order: sucrose, Na₂SO₄ and NaCl. There appears to be no simple relationship between gel strength and water-binding when solutes are added to carrageenan.     

Edematogenic and myotoxic activities of the duvernoy’s gland secretion of <i>Philodryas olfersii</i> from the north-east region of Argentina

Philodryas olfersii is found in South America, from Amazonas to Patagonia. It is important to characterize the venom of P. olfersii, who inhabits the North-East region of Argentina, since snake venoms are known to exhibit considerable variability in composition and biological activities. In this work, mice weighing 18-20 g (n = 4 for each experimental group) were used. For the edematogenic activity mice were injected s.c. in the right foot pad with 50 µl of solutions containing different amounts of venom, whereas the left foot pad was injected with 50 µl of PBS. Two hours after injection mice were killed by cervical dislocation and both feet were cut off and weighed individually. For the myotoxic activity mice were injected i.m. with 100 µl of solutions containing 40 µg of venom. Blood samples were extracted after 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 24 h of venom injection to determinate serum CPK activity and mice were sacrificed at the same time intervals to obtain the inoculated gastrocnemius muscle. They were fixed with Bouin solution and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Results showed that P. olfersii venom exhibits a high edematogenic activity (MED = 0.31 µg) and a moderate myotoxic activity. Myonecrosis reached its highest level after 12 h of venom injection as shown by plasmatic CPK levels (5,401 ± 330 IU/l) and microscopic assay. It demonstrates the potential toxicity of the venom of P. olfersii, who inhabits the North-East region of Argentina. It also reinforces the original warning concerning the potential danger of bites by colubrids.     

基于原位共角椭偏与反射谱的TiO2薄膜光学常数分析

为了分析溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO₂薄膜的光学常数,采用旋涂法制备了多层TiO₂薄膜,利用扫描电镜对表面形貌进行了分析,利用椭圆偏振光谱对薄膜的折射率色散和孔隙率进行了拟合分析,并利用原位共角反射光谱对拟合结果进行了验证,得到了TiO₂薄膜厚度、孔隙率和折射率色散曲线。结果表明,TiO₂薄膜厚度与旋涂层数成线性关系,薄膜孔隙率约为15%且与旋涂层数无关,New Amorphous色散模型可以较好地拟合溶胶-凝胶旋涂方法制备的TiO₂薄膜在1.55eV~4.00eV波段的椭偏光谱。该研究为溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO₂薄膜的光学常数测量提供了参考。     

1553B总线应用发展研究

1553B总线以其传输的高可靠性、使用简单灵活的特点,已经逐步从飞行控制等系统扩展到坦克、舰船、航天等领域,目前已广泛应用于海、陆、空三军,具有一网盖三军之称。中国在20世纪80年代初就开始了1553B总线的技术研究,近年来,1553B总线已经成为中国现役空中力量最主要的先进航空电子系统数据总线,并且在舰载和车载领域,为提高坦克和军舰等武器的技术水平发挥了重要作用。但是由于基于1553B标准的总线核心技术长期由欧美公司所垄断,因此自主研发1553B总线的协议芯片及产品具有重要的战略意义。文中介绍了1553B总线技术的产生及特点,简要说明了1553B总线通信系统的组成,详细介绍了1553B总线的应用及国产化情况,分析了1553B总线系统的发展前景和方向。     

基于博弈视角的交通信息提供与道路收费联合定价模型

针对信息提供和拥堵收费两种交通管制策略, 研究了两种策略联合作用下的定价机制。首先构建了政府、信息提供商决策空间, 在分析出行者路径选择行为的基础上, 给出了交通信息市场占有率计算模型; 然后提出了弹性条件下具有/不具有交通信息的混合交通网络均衡分配模型, 得到了出行者的决策空间, 在此基础上提出了基于博弈视角的交通信息提供与道路收费联合定价模型, 设计了求解算法; 最后, 以一个算例对模型进行了分析。结论表明, 社会收益水平及交通信息的质量都会对交通信息及道路收费价格产生显著的影响。此外, 模型的算例结果还与经验较为吻合, 表明模型的实用性和合理性。     

基于知识推理的导向器叶片单元体精铸模具分模技术研究

导向器类零件分体式精铸的关键技术之一就是叶片单元体模具的分模技术。通过知识推理的方法确定叶片单元体上下橼板和叶身的脱模方向及其分模线,进而确定叶片单元体各部位的分模面,可以大大提高产品的设计效率,缩短导向器类零件分体式精铸模具的生产周期。