Organic food processing: a framework for concept,starting definitions and evaluation

In 2007 EU Regulation (EC) 834/2007 introduced principles and criteria for organic food processing. These regulations have been analysed and discussed in several scientific publications and research project reports. Recently, organic food quality was described by principles, aspects and criteria. These principles from organic agriculture were verified and adapted for organic food processing. Different levels for evaluation were suggested. In another document, underlying paradigms and consumer perception of organic food were reviewed against functional food, resulting in identifying integral product identity as the underlying paradigm and a holistic quality view connected to naturalness as consumers' perception of organic food quality. In a European study, the quality concept was applied to the organic food chain, resulting in a problem, namely that clear principles and related criteria were missing to evaluate processing methods. Therefore the goal of this paper is to describe and discuss the topic of organic food processing to make it operational. A conceptual background for organic food processing is given by verifying the underlying paradigms and principles of organic farming and organic food as well as on organic processing. The proposed definition connects organic processing to related systems such as minimal, sustainable and careful, gentle processing, and describes clear principles and related criteria. Based on food examples, such as milk with different heat treatments, the concept and definitions were verified. Organic processing can be defined by clear paradigms and principles and evaluated according criteria from a multidimensional approach. Further work has to be done on developing indicators and parameters for assessment of organic food quality. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Trait,state or artefact? Assessing experts’ regulatory focus in nuclear power plant control

We apply the theory of regulatory focus in the field of nuclear power plant (NPP) control. The first pilot study was conducted at the German simulator centre for NPPs. Here, we tested the influence of accident training lessons on the experts’ regulatory focus. In a second study, we tested and validated two chronically regulatory focus questionnaires to decide which measurement would be more suitable for future research. The Work Regulatory Focus scale was translated into German, and the Regulatory Concerns Questionnaire was adapted to a work environment. The combined evidence of both studies shows that the regulatory focus of the experts does not change during the training lessons. Study 2 shows that both questionnaires were able to adequately measure the regulatory focus, but that they produce artificially contradictory outcomes that could be misleading. Recommendations and considerations for using the questionnaires are provided. Theoretical and practical implications on the influence of experts’ regulatory focus on working and decision-making behaviour using standard procedures in NPP control are given.     

Turbulence-radiation interaction in confined combustion systems

A new approach for modeling turbulence-radiation interaction is proposed. The formulation is based upon equations for statistical moments. Additional to the balance equations for the velocity and mixture fraction, equations for the mean, variance, covariance of heat release rate, and mixture fraction is solved. The coupling with the chemistry model is formulated by means of a two dimensional pdf of mixture fraction and heat release rate. The proposed approach is open for improvement by more sophisticated submodels. A natural gas fired combustion chamber is designed and constructed, and the temperature field measured by CARS spectroscopy. The main features of the modified combustion system are discussed. The comparison of experimental temperatures with the numerical simulation of the combustion system shows the good quality of our approach. The modeling of the two dimensional pdf is found to be most suitable for the hot region near the burner, where most radiation effects take place.     

Schnelle Untersuchung kleinster Oxidmengen mit RFA

Das bekannte Verfahren zur Analyse von ca. 1 mg beruht auf spektralanalytischen Messungen, die einen hohen Arbeitsaufwand erfordern. Bei der RFA werden für die eigentliche Messung nur kleine Massen gebraucht; durch geeignete Aufbereitung gelingt es, die gewonnenen Oxide in die nötige dünne Schicht zu bringen. Eine korrekte Kalibration ist möglich. Damit ist die erforderliche Genauigkeit, die sich aus dem metallurgischen Untersuchungsziel ergibt, zu erreichen. Der Arbeitsaufwand ist wesentlich kleiner als bei den beschriebenen Verfahren.     

Analogue placement using guided enumeration

In this paper a new efficient approach to the placement problem of analogue circuits is presented. In the design of analogue circuits, strong interaction between humans and automatic tools is crucial to obtain good results. Hence there is a strong need for fast algorithms to support an interactive and incremental design style. In the design process, usually many geometric constraints such as symmetry or matching requirements are introduced by the designer to obtain a placement that fulfils all electrical requirements. Most state-of-the-art analogue placement tools employ simulated annealing algorithms and map geometric constraints into the cost function of the annealing algorithm; thus they have to search the whole design space. In our approach an initial global placement is computed establishing neighbourhood relations between all modules. Afterwards the design space is reduced to placements that fulfil these neighbourhood relations and user-specified geometrical constraints. the reduced design space is fully enumerated to find the optimal solution. the implemented tool achieves typical CPU times of a few seconds for designs of about 40 modules, making it an excellent choice for an interactive design process. Two examples are presented: (i) a high-speed CMOS comparator lay-out is compared with lay-outs published in other papers and (ii) a BiCMOS bandpass amplifier lay-out that has to be embedded into a mixed-signal chip is compared with the manual lay-out of a fabricated chip. We achieved the smallest lay-out size published for the comparator while fulfilling all required constraints. For the amplifier the synthesized lay-out is very similar to the manual one and about the same size.     

Professional psychology and private health services: Developing trends in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Summarizes data on professional psychologists in the Federal Republic of Germany, including training, work settings, human resources, and legal aspects of professional practice. The impact of recent changes in the health care structure and the influence of health insurance regulations and legislation on professional psychologists are discussed as determinants for the future development of psychology. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Extraction of oily matter from spent bleaching earth with water at elevated temperature and pressure

Contacting spent bleaching earth with water at 473–523 K under saturated steam pressure and subsequent gravity settling results in a complete separation of earth and fatty matter. A top layer of extracted fatty material is formed, floating on water with the extracted earth precipitated in the water layer on the bottom of the container. The extracted earth is virtually free of fatty material with an oil content of 0.5% wt or less; the fatty matter extracted consisted mainly of free fatty acids and, upon vacuum distillation yielded 65 to 75% wt of distilled fatty acids.     

Evaluation of myocardial function and perfusion in ischemic heart disease

Ischemic heart disease is the most frequently encountered cardiac disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to investigate several facets of this disease. A number of studies over the past several years have shown the capability of cine MRI for quantifying regional myocardial function and for identifying abnormalities of regional myocardial wall thickening in the basal or vasodilated states due to ischemia. Contrast-enhanced inversion recovery fast gradient echo and echo-planar imaging have been applied for monitoring the first passage of contrast media through the myocardium. This technique has depicted regional perfusion deficits in the basal state or in the vasodilated states induced by vasodilators. Recent studies have also disclosed the feasibility of using MR techniques for displaying the morphology of the major coronary arteries and for measuring blood flow velocity in the coronary arteries and coronary bypass grafts. Thus, MRI has the capability for evaluation of morphology and flow in the coronary arteries and for assessment of function and perfusion of the myocardium.