Micropotentiometric sensors

This paper covers recent developments in microfabricated potentiometric liquid chemical sensors. It includes a discussion of the various types of solid-state potentiometric sensors, including the inherent and practical challenges involved in implementing and commercializing the devices. The paper also presents recent advances that overcome some of these difficulties, including progress toward compatible microreference electrodes.     

周视投影彩虹全息术

本文给出一种可周视观察的投影彩虹全息术,分析了衍射像分离条件,给出了两种实验光路,并作了实验验证。     

A Galerkin BEM for transient acoustic scattering by an absorbing obstacle

This paper deals with the numerical resolution of the so‐called time‐domain boundary integral equations. The scattering problem by an absorbing obstacle serves as the model for this discussion. A new system of retarded potential boundary integral equations (RPBIE) is set up to solve the problem. Using an energy identity, we are able to prove the unconditional stability for standard conforming Galerkin approximation of the RPBIE. The actual space–time boundary elements are described in some detail, and their implementation has confirmed that stability in a wide range of situations and for large run times never reached before. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An edge detection algorithm using multi-state adalines

An edge detection algorithm using multi-state adaptive linear neurons (ADALINES) is presented. Although the tri-state ADALINE is only considered in this work, general multi-state input vectors with extreme values are shown to be linearly separable from the rest of the vectors with the same dimension. The input state of each ADALINE is defined using the local mean in a predefined mask. In addition to the binary input states ± 1, the 0 input state is introduced for controlling the noise effect. If the input pattern matches one of the predefined edge patterns, the corresponding pixel is detected as an edge pixel. Experimental results are shown where the proposed detector is compared with both the Canny and LOG edge detectors.     

Blunt traumatic rupture of the diaphragm: sonographic diagnosis

Ultrasonographic features of seven patients with diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma were analyzed. The ruptures occurred at the left hemidiaphragm in four patients and at the right in three. Direct ultrasonographic findings were as follows: disrupted diaphragm in four patients; nonvisualized diaphragm in three patients; floating diaphragm in two patients; and herniation of the liver or bowel loops through the diaphragmatic defect in three patients. Indirect sonographic findings included pleural effusion or subphrenic fluid collection in five patients and splenic laceration in one. Although the number of patients was limited, ultrasonography was very useful for the diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture.     

Coal desulfurization with aqueous chlorine

A laboratory study on the desulfurization of Sewickley seam coal with aqueous chlorine has been conducted. The coal sample was leached in an acid solution in which chlorine gas was bubbled. The parametric experimental conditions were temperature (25 ‡C, 40 ‡C, and 55 ‡C), stirring speed (230, 360, and 500 rpm), and particle size (35 to 48, 65 to 100, and 150 to 200 mesh). It has been shown that aqueous chlorine can leach more than 90 pct of coal pyrite and approximately 40 pct of organic sulfur at room temperature. The leaching rates are considered to be controlled by pore diffusion mechanisms. The leaching rates decrease slightly as the tem-perature increases. The solubility of chlorine gas that decreases as the temperature increases may be the reason for this trend. A pressurized leaching system is proposed for a future study to increase the concentration of aqueous chlorine and thus remove the sulfur more effectively.     

Deposition of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Using β-diketonate Precursors at Low Temperatures

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films were deposited by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using β-diketonate precursors and 0₂ at temperatures below 500°C on variously passivated Si substrates. PZT thin films could not be deposited on bare Si substrates, owing to a serious diffusion of Pb into the Si substrate during deposition. Pt/SiO₂/Si substrates could partially block the diffusion of Pb, but a direct deposition of PZT thin films on the Pt/SiO₂/Si substrates resulted in a very inhomogeneous deposition. A TiO₂ buffer layer deposited on Pt/SiO₂/Si substrates could partially suppress the diffusion of Pb and produce homogeneous thin films. However, the crystallinity of PZT thin films deposited on the TiO₂-buffered Pt/SiO₂/Si substrate was not good enough, and the films showed random growth direction. PZT thin films deposited on the PbTiO₃-buffered Pt/SiO₂/Si substrates had good crystallinity and a- and c-axis oriented growth direction. However, the PZT thin film deposited at 350°C showed fine amorphous phases at the grain boundaries, owing to the low chemical reactivities of the constituent elements at that temperature, but they could be crystallized by rapid thermal anneaiing (RTA) at 700°C. PZT thin film deposited on a 1000-å PbTiO₃,-thin-film-buffered Pt/SiO₂/Si substrate at 350°C and rapid thermally annealed at 700°C for 6 min showed a single-phase perovskite structure with a composition near the morphotropic boundary composition.     

Coronary aneurysm in Behcet''s disease. Report of a case

Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis, although immunopathologically distinct, share 3 dominant histological features: inflammation, fibrosis, and loss of muscle fibers. Progress in molecular immunology and immunogenetics has enhanced our understanding of these cellular processes. Based on the T-cell receptor gene rearrangement, the autoinvasive CD8+ T cells in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis, but not dermatomyositis, are specifically selected and clonally expanded in situ by heretofore unknown muscle-specific autoantigens. The messenger RNA of cytokines is variably expressed, except for a persistent up-regulation of interleukin 1beta in inclusion body myositis and transforming growth factor beta in dermatomyositis. In inclusion body myositis, the interleukin 1, secreted by the chronically activated endomysial inflammatory cells, may participate in the formation of amyloid because it up-regulates beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) gene expression and beta-APP promoter and colocalizes with beta-APP within the vacuolated muscle fibers. In dermatomyositis, transforming growth factor beta is overexpressed in the perimysial connective tissue but is down-regulated after successful immunotherapy and reduction of inflammation and fibrosis. The degenerating muscle fibers express several antiapoptotic molecules, such as Bcl-2, and resist apoptosis-mediated cell death. In myositis, several of the identified molecules and adhesion receptors play a role in the process of inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle fiber loss, and could be targets for the design of semispecific therapeutic interventions.     

Nonlinear response of an ideal gas bubble to ambient pressure change in a quiescent fluid

This paper is concerned with the small-amplitude oscillations of a bubble composed of an ideal gas in response to anabrupt change in the ambient pressure field. Specifically, we consider the bubble response to a pressure pulse and a pressure step in an otherwise quiescent fluid. The method of analysis employed in the present study is a standard two-timing expansion to eliminate a secular behavior encountered in the asymptotic expansion. In the impulse response the secularity is self-induced due solely to the nonlinearity of the problem whereas the secularity in the step response arises from the change in the equilibrium bubble volume caused by the ambient pressure change. The two-timing solution for each response shows that the secularity modifies the natural frequency of the radial oscillation. Further, the critical intensity of either the pressure pulse or the pressure step for existence of the steady-state bubble radius is determined from the frequency modulated solution and the stability of the bubble response is also discussed in terms of the bubble compressibility and heat transfer across the interface.     

∧和∨型单模激光的朗之万理论

采用激光朗之万理论研究具有非简并能级和任意衰减常数的三能级∧和∨型单模激光系统，获得了在受不同原子衰减常数、不同原子─场耦合常数和能级非简并等三种因素影响时，∧型系统呈现无反转激光和∨型系统呈现无激光反转的条件；揭示了∧和∨型单模激光中不同原子衰减常数和能级非简并导致的双光子过程。