The mechanism of oxidation of copper in alkaline solutions

The formation of Cu₂O by the oxidation of Cu in alkaline solutions under various controlled potential conditions has been studied by potentiodynamic methods, the rotating ring disc technique and by employing colloidal Cu(OH)₂ electrodes supported on vitreous carbon.The kinetics of the electrochemical reactions, both anodic and cathodic, are interpreted in terms of a complex reaction mechanism involving various intermediates participating in the phase oxide formation, (e.g. adsorbed OH, soluble Cu(I) and metal sites of different activity).Besides the electrochemical reactions the model includes various ageing and surface restructuring processes. The growth mechanism is envisaged to depend on the conditions of oxidation.     

Identification of valence shifts in Au during the water-gas shift reaction

In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been performed to investigate the active site on Au-based catalysts in the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. The surface area and hence the WGS activity is higher for AuTiO₂ catalysts supported on carbon nanofibres (CNF) than TiO₂. The WGS reaction rate depends on the Au coordination number with an apparent maximum close to eight which corresponds to a particle size of approximately 2.5–3.0 nm. A likely cause for the changes in the electronic structure of Au is the adsorption of CO on the surface, which also creates a small positive charge in the Au atoms. The catalytic activity significantly improves when titania is present compared to Au deposited directly on CNF.     

Microkinetic model for the pyrolysis of methyl esters: From model compound to industrial biodiesel

A tool for the generation of decomposition schemes of large molecules has been developed. These decomposition schemes contain radicals which can be eliminated from the model equations if both the μ‐hypothesis and the pseudosteady‐state approximation are valid. The reaction rate coefficients and thermodynamic parameters have been calculated by incorporating a comprehensive group additive framework. A microkinetic model for the pyrolysis of methyl esters with a carbon number of up to 19 has been generated using this tool. It is validated by comparing calculated and experimental yields of the pyrolysis of methyl decanoate and novel rapeseed methyl ester pyrolysis data in the temperature range from 800 to 1100 K and methyl ester partial pressure range from 1 × 10^?3 to 1 × 10^?2 MPa. This modeling frame work allows to not only assess the use of methyl ester mixtures as potential feedstock for olefin production but also their effect as blend‐in or trace impurity. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4309–4322, 2015     

Fish Oil and Olive Oil Supplementation in Late Pregnancy and Lactation Differentially Affect Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Sows and Piglets

This study was conducted to compare the effects of fish oil and olive oil supplementation in late pregnancy and during lactation on oxidative stress and inflammation in sows and their piglets. A total of 24 sows were fed a basal diet supplemented with additional corn starch (CON), fish oil (FO) or olive oil (OO). Sows fed an OO diet during late gestation had a higher piglet birth weight compared with CON‐fed and FO‐fed sows (P < 0.05). Furthermore, sows from the OO group had a higher milk fat content than sows from CON and FO groups, and a lower pre‐weaning mortality of piglets was observed in the OO group (P < 0.05). Maternal FO supplementation resulted in increased malondialdehyde concentration in sow plasma, colostrum, milk and piglet plasma than in CON and OO groups (P < 0.05). However, an increased total antioxidant capacity (T‐ACC) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) were also observed in the FO group (P < 0.05). Sows fed an OO diet had significantly decreased interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) concentrations in milk compared with CON and FO fed sows (P < 0.05). Moreover, lower plasma IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels were observed in piglets from the OO group compared with the CON group (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that an OO diet is most beneficial in late gestation and during lactation in sows. However, FO increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress in sows and piglets.     

Effect of graphene loading on thermomechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch blend

Polymer nanocomposites based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/starch blend and graphene were prepared by solution mixing and casting. Glycerol was used as a plasticizer and added in the starch dispersion. The uniform dispersion of graphene in water was achieved by using an Ultrasonicator Probe. The composites were characterized by FTIR, tensile properties, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis, and FE‐SEM studies. FTIR studies indicated probable hydrogen bonding interaction between the oxygen containing groups on graphene surface and the –OH groups in PVA and starch. Mechanical properties results showed that the optimum loading of graphene was 0.5 wt % in the blend. XRD studies indicated uniform dispersion of graphene in PVA/starch matrix upto 0.5 wt % loadings and further increase caused agglomeration. Thermal studies showed that the thermal stability of PVA increased and the crystallinity decreased in the presence of starch and graphene. FE‐SEM studies showed that incorporation of graphene increased the ductility of the composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41827.     

A digital system for surface roughness analysis of plane and cylindrical parts

This paper describes an on-line system for digital analysis of surfaces where the electrical signal from a surface roughness instrument is converted and input into a desk-top computer which also controls the traversing. Special fixtures integrated with the system and dedicated software permit two- and three-dimensional tracings to be carried out on plane as well as on cylindrical parts. The surface profiles can be plotted in different ways. Roughness parameters, frequency spectra etc, can be computed digitally and all results can be stored. Scratches and irregularities on the surface can be identified and processed separately from the rest of the surface. The desk-top computer is connected to the university mainframe computer through a modem, this being of advantage in connection with graphic data processing. The capability of the equipment has been investigated and results from calibration are presented.     

ZA27合金的半固态浆液电磁搅拌工艺及其组织和性能

利用自行设计的电磁搅拌装置，制备ZA27合金半固态浆料，研究了在等温搅拌制度下，温度、磁感应强度、搅拌时间对合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明：磁感应强度大、等温范围470-480℃、搅拌7．5－15min，ZA27合金的组织和性能较佳。     

Analytical and experimental characterisation of high-precision flexural pivots subjected to lateral loads

This work addresses the parasitic motion of high-precision rotation mechanisms based on flexural pivots subjected to lateral loads. This case has great importance from the mechanical design point of view, since generally flexural pivots support mechanical elements of considerable weight and their rotation is obtained by loading the pivot with a force instead of a pure couple.

From an analytical point of view, the problem is approached by studying the large deflections of an elastic frame. The equilibrium equations are considered and a solution based on the Newton–Raphson method is proposed. This approach is compared with other theoretical approaches. An experimental assessment performed by using laser interferometric techniques is presented. It is shown that the proposed solution allows the influence of lateral loads to be clearly established and proves to be adequate when the most common cases of limited lateral loads and rotations are considered.     

变长度曲柄-连杆机构的动力学分析

以变长度曲柄-连杆机构为研究对象.从弹性力学分析入手,建立了变长度曲柄-连杆机构的非线性动力学模型;用数值计算方法对非线性动力学方程进行了求解.实例计算的分析结果表明选择适当的变化规律,改变曲柄长度,可以降低机构的动态响应.这为振动响应的控制研究开辟新的思路.     

微型机械力学行为的分子动力学模拟研究进展

介绍了国外分子动力学模拟在微型机械力学行为分析中的研究进展;阐述了分子动力学模拟的基本方程、分子动力学的算法以及应用于微型机械力学行为分析中的势函数等.最后介绍了几个在微型机械力学行为分析中应用分子动力学模拟的例子.